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Unvented, Insulated Crawlspaces

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Scope
Unvented air-sealed crawlspace is insulated along the perimeter walls with rigid foam
Unvented air-sealed crawlspace is insulated along the perimeter walls with rigid foam
Scope

Construct an unvented crawlspace and insulate the interior walls with rigid foam insulation; this can provide an insulated, air-sealed environment for ducts and HVAC equipment, protect floor joists from condensation from humid air in humid climates, and protect floors and pipes from cold temperatures in cold climates.

  • Install insulation to levels that meet or exceed code or energy-efficiency program requirements.
  • Check with local authorities prior to installation of the insulation to ensure that the rigid foam meets all code requirements.
  • Cover the walls and floor of the crawlspace with a polyethylene vapor retarder prior to installing the rigid foam.
  • If the crawlspace has vents, install pieces of rigid foam cut to fit in the vent openings and seal in place with spray foam or caulk.
  • Fasten the sheets of rigid foam to the crawlspace walls using masonry fasteners with large, button cap washers.
  • Leave a pest control inspection strip where needed to comply with local codes.
  • Insulate access doors and provide air sealing with gaskets or weather stripping.
  • If the band joist area is suitable for insulating, it can be insulated with rigid foam cut to fit in each joist bay and sealed in place with spray foam or caulk.

This guide applies to crawlspaces and basements with walls constructed of solid concrete, or concrete masonry units (CMU) with a continuous brick cap or bond beam.

See the Compliance Tab for related codes and standards requirements, and criteria to meet national programs such as DOE’s Zero Energy Ready Home program, ENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes, and Indoor airPLUS.

Description
Description

Crawlspaces that are constructed to be unvented, air-sealed, insulated, and conditioned can have several advantages over vented crawlspaces (see Figure 1). They reduce the opportunity for condensation to form on cold floor or rim joists from humid air entering through the vents. Insulated crawlspaces can keep floors warmer and help protect HVAC equipment and plumbing pipes from freezing temperatures in cold climates (BSC 2009). They are less likely to harbor pests.

The sealed, insulated crawlspace is a clean, dry location to house the main floor heating ducts and also provides bonus storage space.
Figure 1. The sealed, insulated crawlspace is a clean, dry location to house the main floor heating ducts and also provides bonus storage space. (Source: Addison Homes.)

 

Although there are different strategies to insulate closed crawlspaces, this guide is intended to provide a cost-effective method for installing rigid foam insulation on the interior perimeter walls and the band joist area in closed (also called sealed or unvented) crawlspace foundations.

Polyisocyanurate or extruded polystyrene (XPS) rigid foam board is recommended as insulation because of its low permeance to water and high insulation value per inch. The thickness of the foam sheeting may depend on the climate zone in which it is installed, as well as the desired levels of performance.

Table 1 shows the three main types of rigid foam board insulation available in the market today. The R-values vary, depending on the manufacturer, but polyisocyanurate offers the highest R-value.

R-Values for Various Types of Rigid Foam Board Insulation.
Table 1. R-Values for Various Types of Rigid Foam Board Insulation.

 

Many rigid foam board manufacturers apply a thin polyethylene film to both sides of the panels to strengthen them and to make them impermeable to vapor. Use unfaced sheets, or remove the film from the rigid foam board prior to installation, particularly to allow some breathability at the band joist area.

Foam plastic insulation receives special scrutiny in residential building codes because some foam insulations have the potential to release toxic or flammable gases when heated, or they can accelerate the spread of fire if they ignite. To reduce these risks, most codes require a thermal barrier (typically ½-in. gypsum board or equivalent) or an ignition barrier (typically ⅜-in. gypsum board or equivalent) over foam insulation. However, several foam insulation products have been designed and tested to reduce or eliminate those risks. Check with local authorities to ensure that the rigid foam selected meets all code requirements.

Figure 2 below shows examples of typical foundation wall types to which this guide applies. These examples are constructed of solid concrete or concrete masonry units (CMU) with a continuous brick cap or bond beam.

Poured concrete and block crawlspace foundation systems can be insulated on the interior with rigid foam.
Figure 2. Poured concrete and concrete block crawlspace foundation systems can be insulated on the interior with rigid foam. (Source: IBACOS.)

 

How to Insulate the Closed Crawlspace Walls with Rigid Foam Board

  1. Check with local code officials to ensure all materials and work will comply with local code requirements, such as the R-value of the insulation, fire and combustion safety requirements, radon mitigation requirements, pest (insect) control, and flood prevention requirements. Refer to the Compliance tab of this guide for additional information about potential code requirements.
  2. Prior to insulating the crawlspace walls, install a 6-mil polyethylene sheeting vapor retarder on the walls and floor of the crawlspace (see Figure 3). The vapor retarder should completely cover the floor and lap up the walls to within 4 in. of the top of the foundation walls. The vapor retarder should be secured to the foundation walls with strapping attached to the walls using nails, pins, or masonry screws. This wall and floor vapor retarder provides a continuous liner to retard moisture and soil gases from seeping through the ground and the crawlspace walls. The sheeting should be overlapped 12 in. at seams and sealed with adhesive and tape. The IRC requires a 6-inch overlap but 12 inches is recommended. For information on how to install a polyethylene vapor retarder in a crawlspace, see the guide Polyethylene Lapped Up Walls/Piers and Secured in the Ground.  A radon venting system should be installed under the vapor barrier. See the guides Vertical Radon Ventilation Pipe and Radon Fan for more information. Optional: a thin concrete slab can be poured over the vapor retarder to increase durability (BSC 2009).
    Install vapor retarder over dirt floor.
    Figure 3. Install vapor retarder over the dirt floor of the crawlspace and extend it up the interior supports and interior perimeter walls. Overlap and seal seams with caulk and tape. (Source: IBACOS.)
  3. Place sheets of unfaced rigid foam board against the interior perimeter of the crawlspace walls. No insulation is needed in the crawlspace ceiling.
  4. Allow space for a pest control inspection strip above the foam sheets and below the rim joist, if required by local jurisdictions. In areas of the United States prone to insect infestation (e.g., termites or carpenter ants), 3 in. of bare wall is required (see Figure 4). The polyethylene vapor retarder behind the foam board stops at 4 in. from the top of the foundation wall. This strip of bare wall can be painted white to facilitate pest inspections. Consult with the local building inspector or a pest control professional for local requirements regarding a pest control inspection strip at the top or bottom of the foundation wall.
    Install rigid foam insulation.
    Figure 4. Install rigid foam insulation along perimeter walls of the crawlspace, allowing a 3-in. pest control inspection strip at the top where required by code. (Source: IBACOS.)
  5. Use masonry fasteners with large, button cap washers (intended for use with foam) to mechanically fasten the rigid foam board to the crawlspace walls. If no pest inspection strip is required, the insulation is installed to the top of the foundation wall. The insulation should extend down to grade and then continue down or horizontally as required by code. The fasteners should be spaced an equal distance apart to ensure effective contact with the foundation wall. The 2009 IRC (Section N1102.2.9, p. 470) states:
    “As an alternative to insulating floors over crawlspaces, insulation of crawlspace walls shall be permitted when the crawlspace is not vented to the outside. Crawlspace wall insulation shall be permanently fastened to the wall and extend downward from the floor to the finished grade level and then vertically and/or horizontally for at least an additional 24 inches (610 mm).”
  6. Fill in any wall vents with additional pieces of rigid foam. Cut the pieces to fit into the openings to create a snug fit. If a vent is recessed, it may require doubling the thickness of the foam to be level with the wall surface, as shown in Figure 5. For more information on how to close vented crawlspaces, see “Guide to Closing and Conditioning Ventilated Crawlspaces." The method is primarily for existing construction, but the principles apply to new construction as well.
    Fill in existing wall vents.
    Figure 5. When insulating a crawlspace wall, fill in any existing wall vents with rigid foam insulation. (Source: IBACOS.)
  7. Apply expansion foam sealer or caulking to seal the additional foam blocks in place (see Figure 6).
    Seal crawlspace vents.
    Figure 6. When insulating a crawlspace wall, seal the foam blocking covering the crawlspace vents with canned spray foam. (Source: IBACOS.)
  8. Insulate the crawlspace access door by gluing rigid foam to the inside of the panel. Caulk around the outside of the framing and install weather stripping around the inside of the frame. Provide a latch that pulls the door or hatch lid securely against the frame to provide a firm seal. See Figures 7, 8, and 9.
    Insulate access door.
    Figure 7. Insulate the crawlspace access door and air seal the opening with weather stripping. (Source: IBACOS.)
     
    Use weather stripping to seal hatch.
    Figure 8. Use weather stripping to air seal the crawlspace access hatch. (Source: IBACOS.)
     
    Caulk air seals the framing and weather stripping serves as a gasket.
    Figure 9. Caulk air seals the framing and weather stripping serves as a gasket on this crawlspace access hatch. (Source: IBACOS.)
  9. Code (2009 IRC R 408.3) requires that crawlspaces have a drying mechanism such as a continuously operating exhaust fan or conditioned air supply. If the HVAC equipment is not located in the crawlspace, a small amount of conditioned air can be brought in to semi-condition the crawlspace by cutting a passive return into the floor. At minimum, air should be delivered at a rate equal to 1 cfm (0.47 L/s) for each 50 ft2 (4.7 m2) of under-floor area or 50 cfm total, whichever is greater. This strategy meets the requirements of the 2009 International Residential Code (IRC 2009, Section R408.3, p. 108); however, local codes might have different requirements.
  10. In flood-prone areas of the United States, local codes may require the installation of flood vents that allow water to pass freely into and out of a foundation to equalize pressure on the foundation walls. Choose flood vents that are designed to reduce standby air leakage. Install the rigid foam panels around all flood vents and seal the perimeter of the vents with expansion foam sealer or caulking to prevent air leakage. Be careful that the installed foam does not inhibit operation of the vent.
  11. When the installation of insulation on the crawlspace walls and band joist is complete, inspect the vapor retarder on the floor of the crawlspace. If any tears or rips in the vapor retarder occurred during the work, repair and seal the tears.
  12. If the bottom of the crawlspace is below grade, it will be necessary to damp-proof or waterproof the exterior surface of the foundation walls. For information on how to accomplish this water management strategy, see “Damp-Proof Exterior Surface of Below-Grade Walls."

How to Insulate the Band Joist Area with Rigid Foam Board

CAUTION: Before insulating the band joist area, assess the moisture potential of both the interior and exterior conditions where the sill plate (also known as the mud sill), band joist, and floor system all meet the top of the crawlspace walls (see Dickson 2013). If installation of insulation in the band joist area will not cause high moisture content and likely damage to the wood, then insulate this area. If there is any doubt about the drying potential at the band joist area, the safest practice would be not to insulate that area and to allow free drying of the wood materials. Refer to "Guide to Closing and Conditioning Ventilated Crawlspaces" for guidance on how to assess moisture conditions in the crawlspace and band joist area. Other options for insulating the rim joist are with spray foam or with rigid foam sheathing installed on the exterior of the home (see "Critical Seal Spray Foam at Rim Joist").

  1. Cut pieces of unfaced rigid foam sheathing to fit along the band joist in each floor joist cavity. See Figure 10.
    Use pieces of rigid foam that are cut to fit and sealed in place with canned spray foam to insulate the band joist above a crawlspace.
    Figure 10. Use pieces of rigid foam that are cut to fit and sealed in place with canned spray foam to insulate the band joist above a crawlspace. (Source: IBACOS.)
  2. Use expanding spray foam or caulk to air seal all of the perimeters of the rigid foam insulation pieces and to seal around any penetrations through the insulation.
    Unvented air-sealed crawlspace with continuous 6 mil vapor retarder.
    Figure 11. An unvented, air-sealed crawlspace is kept warm and dry with a continuous layer of 6-mil vapor retarder covering the floor and the walls, which are then insulated with rigid foam. (Source: IBACOS.)

 

How to Install Ducts in a Sealed, Insulated Crawlspace

When installing HVAC equipment in an insulated crawlspace, good HVAC design principles still apply:

Success
Ensuring Success
  • Check with local authorities prior to the installation of any insulation in closed crawlspaces and band joist areas. This is imperative to to ensure that all local code requirements are met, such as the R-value of insulation, fire and combustion safety requirements, pest inspection requirements, and radon mitigation requirements. Also, local codes in flood-prone areas of the United States may require the installation of flood vents that allow water to pass freely into and out of a foundation to equalize pressure on the foundation walls. Flood vents should be designed to reduce standby air leakage.
  • If the bottom of the crawlspace is below grade, it will be necessary to damp-proof or waterproof the exterior wall surface of the crawlspace. For information on how to accomplish this water management strategy, see “Exterior Surface of Below-Grade Walls."
  • During any air sealing process, follow safe work practices to minimize any effects from sealants or adhesive fumes on workers’ health. Temporary ventilation could be necessary during the installations.
  • Apply a coat of light-colored paint over the 3-in. pest control inspection gap at the top of the foundation walls to facilitate pest inspections.
  • Never store flammable materials (e.g., gasoline or solvents) in any crawlspace.
  • Cover the floor of the crawlspace and the crawlspace perimeter walls with 6-mil polyethylene vapor retarder.
  • Assess the moisture potential in the band joist area, and if appropriate, insulate and air seal the band joist as an integral part of the work.

Typical R-values for common insulation materials are summarized in this table, which also identifies the vapor retarder classification for each insulation.

Climate
Climate

During warm seasons in humid climates, the outside air can contain more water vapor than the air within the crawlspace. In humid climates, rather than helping to dry out a crawlspace, the vents can actually encourage condensation in the crawlspace by allowing warm, humid air to enter and condense on the floor joists, which are likely to be cooler, especially if the rooms above are air conditioned. In warm humid climates, a closed crawlspace reduces the potential for moisture problems (e.g., condensation, mold growth, wood rot) within the crawlspace.

Local building codes can have specific requirements for types of insulation and requirements for the 3-in. pest control inspection strip at the top of the foundation wall. See the Compliance tab for prescriptive requirements for insulation levels in the International Energy Conservation Code and International Residential Code.

Climate zones 1 and 2 do not require the use of insulation. However, crawlspaces in those regions are usually constructed above grade. Thus, reasonable energy savings can occur if an insulation strategy is implemented. Consider insulation levels similar to those in climate zone 3.

The map in Figure 1 shows the climate zones for states that have adopted energy codes equivalent to the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) 2009, 12, 15, and 18. The map in Figure 2 shows the climate zones for states that have adopted energy codes equivalent to the IECC 2021. Climate zone-specific requirements specified in the IECC are shown in the Compliance Tab of this guide. 

Figure 1. Climate Zone Map from IECC 2009, 12, 15, and 18.
Figure 1. Climate Zone Map from IECC 2009, 12, 15, and 18. (Source: 2012 IECC)

 

Climate Zone Map from IECC 2021.
Figure 2. Climate Zone Map from IECC 2021. (Source: 2021 IECC)

 

Pests

Where termite infestation is heavy (see map), install termite shields at the top of the foundation wall beneath the sill plate that extend out of the wall at least 3/4 inch on either side of the sill plate. If rigid foam is installed on the interior of the crawlspace wall, leave a termite inspection strip or gap in the insulation to allow inspection of the wall for the presence of termite tunnels, as detailed in the Description tab.

Termite Infestation Probability Map, Adapted from the 2021 International Residential Code (IRC), Figure R301.2(7)
Figure 3. Termite Infestation Probability Map, Adapted from the 2021 International Residential Code (IRC), Figure R301.2(7) (Source: Courtesy of PNNL).

 

Where burrowing rats are likely, construct foundation walls to extend 36 inches below grade or install a curtain wall of concrete or metal in front of the crawlspace stem wall that extends down 2 feet and out 8 to 12 inches to discourage burrowing rodents.

Training
Right and Wrong Images
Right - the vapor barrier is extended up the sides of the piers in this crawlspace, which is sealed and insulated to house the HVAC ducts.
Right - the vapor barrier is extended up the sides of the piers in this crawlspace, which is sealed and insulated to house the HVAC ducts.
Right - the vapor barrier is extended up the sides of the piers in this crawlspace, which is sealed and insulated to house the HVAC ducts.
View Image Download
Wrong - This crawlspace hatch should be weatherstripped and insulated.
Wrong - This crawlspace hatch should be weatherstripped and insulated.
Wrong - This crawlspace hatch should be weatherstripped and insulated.
View Image Download
Right - This unvented crawlspace is insulated along the walls and between the floor joists with 2-inch foil-faced polyisocyanurate; a termite inspection gap is visible above of the wall insulation and below the band joist.
Right - This unvented crawlspace is insulated along the walls and between the floor joists with 2-inch foil-faced polyisocyanurate; a termite inspection gap is visible above of the wall insulation and below the band joist.
Right - This unvented crawlspace is insulated along the walls and between the floor joists with 2-inch foil-faced polyisocyanurate; a termite inspection gap is visible above of the wall insulation and below the band joist.
View Image Download
Right - This crawlspace, which is insulated on the floor, has a complete vapor barrier over the floor and up the walls that is sealed at all seams and termite inspection gap at the top of the vapor retarder.
Right - This crawlspace, which is insulated on the floor, has a complete vapor barrier over the floor and up the walls that is sealed at all seams and termite inspection gap at the top of the vapor retarder.
Right - This crawlspace, which is insulated on the floor, has a complete vapor barrier over the floor and up the walls that is sealed at all seams and termite inspection gap at the top of the vapor retarder.
View Image Download
Right - The butterfly damper of this crawlspace supply register opens when the HVAC fan is running; the damper duct is sealed with mastic and supported by strapping.
Right - The butterfly damper of this crawlspace supply register opens when the HVAC fan is running; the damper duct is sealed with mastic and supported by strapping.
Right - The butterfly damper of this crawlspace supply register opens when the HVAC fan is running; the damper duct is sealed with mastic and supported by strapping.
View Image Download
Right - This unvented crawlspace is insulated along interior walls with rigid foam and air sealed by covering the floor with vapor retarder that is sealed to the rigid foam which is taped at the seams.
Right - This unvented crawlspace is insulated along interior walls with rigid foam and air sealed by covering the floor with vapor retarder that is sealed to the rigid foam which is taped at the seams.
Right - This unvented crawlspace is insulated along interior walls with rigid foam and air sealed by covering the floor with vapor retarder that is sealed to the rigid foam which is taped at the seams.
View Image Download
Right - An installer uses canned spray foam to air seal joints in an existing subfloor.
Right - An installer uses canned spray foam to air seal joints in an existing subfloor.
Right - An installer uses canned spray foam to air seal joints in an existing subfloor.
View Image Download
Right - Spray foam insulates and air seals the stone walls of this unvented crawlspace.
Right - Spray foam insulates and air seals the stone walls of this unvented crawlspace.
Right - Spray foam insulates and air seals the stone walls of this unvented crawlspace.
View Image Download
A damp crawlspace
A damp crawlspace
A damp crawlspace
View Image Download
Wrong - The ground of the crawlspace should be covered with a vapor barrier that extends up the sides of the crawlspace.
Wrong - The ground of the crawlspace should be covered with a vapor barrier that extends up the sides of the crawlspace.
Wrong - The ground of the crawlspace should be covered with a vapor barrier that extends up the sides of the crawlspace.
View Image Download
There is no polyethylene sheeting installed in the crawlspace
There is no polyethylene sheeting installed in the crawlspace
There is no polyethylene sheeting installed in the crawlspace
View Image Download
There is no polyethylene sheeting installed in the crawlspace
There is no polyethylene sheeting installed in the crawlspace
There is no polyethylene sheeting installed in the crawlspace
View Image Download
Metal termite shields make it easier to see termite tunnels and may discourage termite access to wood framing
Metal termite shields make it easier to see termite tunnels and may discourage termite access to wood framing
Metal termite shields make it easier to see termite tunnels and may discourage termite access to wood framing
View Image Download
Termite shield extends under sill plate and through brick veneer below the through-wall flashing and weep holes.
Termite shield extends under sill plate and through brick veneer below the through-wall flashing and weep holes.
Termite shield extends under sill plate and through brick veneer below the through-wall flashing and weep holes.
View Image Download
A vapor barrier was installed on the floor of this crawlspace and extended up the walls then the foundation walls were covered with rigid foam.
A vapor barrier was installed on the floor of this crawlspace and extended up the walls then the foundation walls were covered with rigid foam.
A vapor barrier was installed on the floor of this crawlspace and extended up the walls then the foundation walls were covered with rigid foam.
View Image Download
Right – A dehumidifier keeps the sealed crawlspace dry.
Right – A dehumidifier keeps the sealed crawlspace dry.
Right – A dehumidifier keeps the sealed crawlspace dry.
View Image Download
Right – Spray foam insulation was sprayed onto the ground and along the sides of the foundation walls and piers of this insulated crawl space.
Right – Spray foam insulation was sprayed onto the ground and along the sides of the foundation walls and piers of this insulated crawl space.
Right – Spray foam insulation was sprayed onto the ground and along the sides of the foundation walls and piers of this insulated crawl space.
View Image Download
Right – All seams in the sub-slab vapor retarder were sealed with tape.
Right – All seams in the sub-slab vapor retarder were sealed with tape.
Right – All seams in the sub-slab vapor retarder were sealed with tape.
View Image Download
Videos

How to Build a Quality Closed Crawlspace in Climate Zones 3A and 4A

Publication Date
Author(s)
Home Innovation Research Labs
Organization(s)
Home Innovation Research Labs
Video from Home Innovation Research Labs on how to properly build a moisture-free closed crawlspace in climate zones 3A and 4A with climate-specific information to ensure energy efficiency, comfort, and durability.

Hot Spot: Closed Crawlspace - Ventilation

Publication Date
Author(s)
Home Innovation Research Labs
Organization(s)
Home Innovation Research Labs
Video from Home Innovation Research Labs on how to comply with IRC ventilation requirements in closed crawlspaces.
Compliance

Compliance

The Compliance tab contains both program and code information. Code language is excerpted and summarized below. For exact code language, refer to the applicable code, which may require purchase from the publisher. While we continually update our database, links may have changed since posting. Please contact our webmaster if you find broken links.

 

ENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes, Version 3/3.1 (Rev. 11)

ENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes requires that ceiling, wall, floor, and slab insulation levels meet or exceed those specified in the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) with some alternatives and exceptions, and achieve Grade 1 installation per RESNET Standards (see 2009 and 2012 IECC Code Level Insulation – ENERGY STAR Requirements and Insulation Installation (RESNET Grade 1). If the state or local residential building energy code requires higher insulation levels than those specified in the 2009 IECC, you must meet or exceed the locally mandated requirements. Visit the U.S. DOE Building Energy Codes Program to see what code has been adopted in each state.

National Water Management System Builder Requirements

1. Water-Managed Site and Foundation. 
1.4 Capillary break at all crawlspace floors using ≥ 6 mil polyethylene sheeting, lapped 6-12 in., & installed using one of the following:4, 5, 6
1.4.1 Placed beneath a concrete slab; OR,
1.4.2 Lapped up each wall or pier and fastened with furring strips or equivalent; OR,
1.4.3 Secured in the ground at the perimeter using stakes.

Footnote 4) Not required in Dry (B) climates as shown in 2009 IECC Figure 301.1 and Table 301.1.

Footnote 5) Not required for raised pier foundations with no walls. To earn the ENERGY STAR, EPA recommends, but does not require, that radon-resistant features be included in homes built in EPA Radon Zones 1, 2 & 3. For more information, see www.epa.gov/indoorairplus.

Footnote 6) For an existing slab (e.g., in a home undergoing a gut rehabilitation), in lieu of a capillary break beneath the slab, a continuous and sealed Class I or Class II Vapor Retarder (per Footnote 7) is permitted to be installed on top of the entire slab. In such cases, up to 10% of the slab surface is permitted to be exempted from this requirement (e.g., for sill plates). In addition, for existing slabs in occupiable space, the Vapor Retarder shall be, or shall be protected by, a durable floor surface. If Class I Vapor Retarders are installed, they shall not be installed on the interior side of air permeable insulation or materials prone to moisture damage.

Footnote 7) Interior surface of an existing below-grade wall (e.g., in a home undergoing a gut rehab.) listed in Item 1.5a is permitted to be finished by:

  • Installing a continuous and sealed drainage plane, capillary break, Class I Vapor Retarder (per Footnote 8) and air barrier that terminates into a foundation drainage system as specified in Item 1.8; OR
  • If a drain tile is not required as specified in Footnote 9, adhering a capillary break and Class I Vapor Retarder (per Footnote 8) directly to the wall with the edges taped/sealed to make it continuous.

Note that no alternative compliance option is provided for existing below-grade wood-framed walls in Item 1.5b.

Please see the ENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes Implementation Timeline for the program version and revision currently applicable in your state.

 

DOE Zero Energy Ready Home (Revision 07)

Exhibit 1 Mandatory Requirements.
Exhibit 1, Item 1) Certified under the ENERGY STAR Qualified Homes Program or the ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction Program.
Exhibit 2, Item 2) Ceiling, wall, floor, and slab insulation shall meet or exceed 2015 IECC levels and achieve Grade 1 installation, per RESNET standards. See the guide 2015 IECC Code Level Insulation – DOE Zero Energy Ready Home Requirements for more details.
Exhibit 1, Item 3) Duct distribution systems located within the home’s thermal and air barrier boundary or an optimized location to achieve comparable performance.
Exhibit 1, Item 6) Certified under EPA Indoor airPLUS.

Footnote 14) Exceptions and alternative compliance paths to locating 100% of forced-air ducts in home’s thermal and air barrier boundary are: 

  1. Up to 10’ of total duct length is permitted to be outside of the home’s thermal and air barrier boundary.

  2. Ducts are located in an unvented attic, regardless of whether this space is conditioned with a supply register.

  3. Ducts are located in a vented attic with all of the following characteristics: [​Note that in either of these designs the HVAC equipment must still be located within the home’s thermal and air barrier boundary.

    1. In Moist climates (Zones 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A and 7A per 2015 IECC Figure R301.1) and Marine climates (all “C” Zones per 2015 IECC Figure R301.1), minimum R-8 duct insulation with an additional minimum 1.5” of closed-cell spray foam insulation encapsulating the ducts; duct leakage to outdoors ≤ 3 CFM25 per 100 ft2 of conditioned floor area (in addition to meeting total duct leakage requirements from Section 4.1 of the ENERGY STAR HVAC Rater checklist); and ductwork buried under at least 2” of blown-in insulation.

    2. In Dry climates (all “B” Zones per 2015 IECC Figure R301.1), minimum R-8 duct insulation; duct leakage to outdoors ≤ 3 CFM25 per 100 ft2 of conditioned floor area (in addition to meeting total duct leakage requirements from Section 4.1 of the ENERGY STAR HVAC Rater checklist); and ductwork buried under at least 3.5” of blown-in insulation.

  4. Systems which meet the criteria for “Ducts Located in Conditioned Space” as defined by the 2018 IECC Section R403.3.7

  5. Jump ducts which do not directly deliver conditioned air from the HVAC unit may be located in attics if all joints, including boot-to-drywall, are fully air sealed with mastic or foam, and the jump duct is fully buried under the attic insulation.

  6. Ducts are located within an unvented crawl space.

  7. Ducts are located in a basement which is within the home’s thermal boundary.

  8. Ductless HVAC system is used.

Local building codes have specific requirements such as the R-value of insulation, fire and combustion requirements, radon mitigation requirements, flood prevention requirements, and requirements for a pest control inspection strip at the top and/or the bottom of the foundation wall. Begin by checking with local authorities to ensure that all materials and work will comply with local code requirements.

 

EPA Indoor airPLUS (Revision 04)

1.4 Basement and Crawlspace Insulation and Conditioned Air.

  • Seal crawlspace and basement perimeter walls to prevent outside air infiltration.
  • Insulate crawlspace and basement perimeter walls according to the prescriptive values determined by local code or R-5, whichever is greater.
  • Provide conditioned air at a rate not less than 1 cfm per 50 sq. ft. of horizontal floor area. This can be achieved by a dedicated supply (2015 IRC section R408.3.2.2) or through crawl-space exhaust (2015 IRC section R408.3.2.1). However, if radon-resistant features are required (see Specification 2.1), do not use the crawlspace exhaust method.

See Indoor airPLUS Specifications for exceptions.  

 

2009-2021 IECC and IRC Insulation Requirements Table

The minimum insulation requirements for ceilings, walls, floors, and foundations in new homes, as listed in the 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, and 2021 IECC and IRC, can be found in this table. 

 

2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, and 2021 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)

R402.2.9 (2012 IECC - R402.2.10; 2015, 18 - R402.2.11) Crawlspace walls. As an alternative to insulating floors over crawlspaces, crawlspace walls can be insulated if the crawlspace is not vented to the outside. The Insulation must be permanently fastened to the wall and extend down the wall from the floor to the finished grade then vertical or horizontally at an additional 24 inches. The dirt floor must be covered with a continuous Class I vapor retarder that extends at least 6 inches up the stem wall and is attached and sealed to the wall. The joints of the vapor retarder should overlap by 6 inches with seams sealed or taped.

Table 1 lists the IRC and IECC insulation requirements for the 2009 through 2021 codes. "10/13" means R-10 continuous insulation on the interior or exterior of the home or R-13 cavity insulation on the interior. "15/19" means R-15 continuous insulation on the interior or exterior of the home or R-19 cavity insulation on the interior.  Code allows 15/19 to be met with R-13 cavity plus R-5 continuous on the interior or exterior. 

Retrofit:  2009, 2012, 2015, 2018,  and 2021 IECC

Section R101.4.3 (in 2009 and 2012). Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs shall conform to the provisions of this code, without requiring the unaltered portions of the existing building to comply with this code. (See code for additional requirements and exceptions.)

Chapter 5 (in 2015, 2018, 2021). The provisions of this chapter shall control the alteration, repair, addition, and change of occupancy of existing buildings and structures.

 

2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, and 2021 International Residential Code (IRC)

For IRC 2009-18 insulation requirements, see Table 1 above.

R408.3, states that unvented crawlspaces are acceptable if the dirt floor is covered with a continuous Class I vapor retarder that extends at least 6 inches up the stem wall and is attached and sealed to the wall. The joints of the vapor retarder should overlap by 6 inches with seams sealed or taped.

The crawlspace must be equipped with one of the following:

2.1  “Continuously operated mechanical exhaust ventilation at a rate equal to 1 cubic foot per minute (0.47 L/s) for each 50 square feet (47 m2) of crawlspace floor area, including an air pathway to the common area (such as a duct or transfer grille), and perimeter walls insulated in accordance with Section N1102.2.9 (N1102.2.11 in 2015 and 2018 IRC);

2.2  “Conditioned air supply sized to deliver at a rate equal to 1 cubic foot per minute (0.47 L/s) for each 50 square feet (4.7 m2) of under-floor area, including a return air pathway to the common area (such as a duct or transfer grille), and perimeter walls insulated in accordance with Section N1102.2.9 (N1102.2.11 in 2015 and 2018 IRC);

2.3  “Plenum in existing structures complying with Section M1601.5, if under-floor space is used as a plenum.” (Crawlspaces in new buildings cannot be used as plenums so this applies to existing buildings only.)

In the 2018 IRC, the following requirement is added: (R408.3.2.4) Dehumidification sized to provide 70 pints (33 liters) of moisture removal per day for every 1,000 square feet (93 m2) of crawlspace floor area.

2009 IRC N1102.2.9 [2012 IRC, N1102.2.10; 2015 and 2018 IRC, N1102.2.11] states that when crawlspaces walls are insulated, the insulation should be permanently fastened to the wall and extend down from the floor above to the finished grade and then vertically or horizontally an additional 24 inches, and the dirt floor should be covered with a Class 1 vapor retarder with all seams overlapped 6 inches and sealed and all edges extending 6 inches up the walls and sealed. 

Sections R318.1 – R318.3 describe control methods including field-applied chemical treatments for soil and wood and metal or plastic barriers including shields on top of foundation walls. Section R318.4 notes that in areas indicated as having a very heavy probability of termite infestation, as shown in the termite probability map in 2021 IRC Figure R318.4 (R301.2(7) in 2018 IRC, R301.2(6) in 2009, 2012, and 2015 IRC), rigid foam including extruded or expanded polystyrene, polyisocyanurate and other foam plastics should not be installed on the exterior face of foundation walls or under foundation walls or slabs below grade and, if foam is applied on exterior above-grade walls, there must be at least six inches of clearance between the foam and the soil surface. There are exceptions to this restriction: if all structural members of the building are made of noncombustible or pressure-preservative-treated wood, or the foam is protected by some approved method, or if the foam is installed on the interior of basement walls.

Figure R318.4 in the 2021 IRC (R301.2(7) in 2018 IRC, R301.2(6) in 2009, 2012, and 2015 IRC) is a Termite Infestation Probability Map, determining if the home will be constructed in an area of very heavy, moderate-to-heavy, slight-to-moderate, or none-to-slight termite infestation.

The IRC building code requires a minimum ratio of net free ventilating area (NFA) to attic floor space of 1/150.  This may be decreased to 1/300 in climate zones 6, 7, 8 provided 1) a class I or II vapor retarder is installed on the warm-side of the ceiling, and 2) the ventilation area is located in certain portions of the roof. See IRC, section R806.2 for details. The net free exhaust area should never be greater than the net free intake area. However, note that in high snow load areas, it may be desirable to increase soffit intake area beyond code minimum, as discussed in the Climate tab. The IRC building code allows soffit venting area (intake) to be increased by up to 10% more than ridge venting area (exhaust).    

Section N1102.4 Air Leakage. Discusses how to install and test air barrier materials in the building thermal envelope. The requirements governing total building air leakage are of greatest importance to managing condensation. This section states that the verified (checked with blower door test) maximum air leakage rate must be less than 3 ACH50 in climate zones 3-8. Meeting this requirement will help mitigate concerns over condensation, but in general, even tighter air barriers and lower air leakage levels provide additional benefits for condensation control, especially in cold climates.   

Section R805.6 discusses vapor retarder and insulation requirements for unvented attics and unvented enclosed rafter assemblies in cold climates

Table R806.5 (R806.4 in 2009) specifies roof-ceiling insulation requirements for condensation control based on climate zone.

Retrofit:  2009, 2012, 2015, 2018,  and 2021 IRC

Section R102.7.1 Additions, alterations, or repairs. Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs shall conform to the provisions of this code, without requiring the unaltered portions of the existing building to comply with the requirements of this code, unless otherwise stated. (See code for additional requirements and exceptions.)

Appendix J regulates the repair, renovation, alteration, and reconstruction of existing buildings and is intended to encourage their continued safe use.

Retrofit

The information provided in this guide for new homes also applies to crawlspaces in existing homes. Additional foundation wall insulation options are described in the guide Air Sealed, Insulated Basements.

If any standing water, mold, rotten wood, or hazardous materials are present in the crawlspace, these conditions should be addressed before air sealing and insulating the crawlspace. See the following Building America Solution Center guides for more information:

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Standard Work Specifications has additional information on crawlspaces and worker safety in crawl spaces.

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References and Resources*

Standard Specification for Elastomeric Cellular Preformed Gasket and Sealing Material, ASTM C509 - 06 (2011)

Author(s)
American Society for Testing and Materials,
ASTM International
Organization(s)
ASTM
Publication Date
Standard specification covering elastomeric cellular preformed gasket and sealing materials. This version of the standard was published in the year 2011 and is available for preview and purchase at the reference link. Other versions of the standard were published in the years 2021, 2015, 2006, and...

Standard Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants, ASTM C920-18

Author(s)
American Society for Testing and Materials,
ASTM International
Organization(s)
ASTM
Publication Date
Standard specification covering the properties of a cured single- or multicomponent cold-applied elastomeric joint sealant for sealing, caulking, or glazing operations on buildings, plazas, and decks for vehicular or pedestrian use, and types of construction other than highway and airfield pavements...

Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus, ASTM C518 - 21

Author(s)
American Society for Testing and Materials,
ASTM International
Organization(s)
ASTM
Publication Date
Test method providing a rapid means of determining the steady-state thermal transmission properties of thermal insulations and other materials with a high level of accuracy when the apparatus has been calibrated appropriately. This version of the standard was published in the year 2021 and is...

Conditioned Crawl Space Construction, Performance and Codes, BA-0401

Author(s)
Lstiburek Joseph W
Organization(s)
Building Science Corporation,
BSC
Publication Date
Report outlining how conditioned crawlspaces perform better than vented crawlspaces in terms of safety, health, comfort, durability and energy consumption.

Crawlspace Insulation

Author(s)
Southface Energy Institute,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
U.S. Department of Energy,
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Organization(s)
ORNL,
SEI,
EERE,
U.S. Department of Energy,
DOE
Publication Date
Information sheet about crawlspace insulation, including installation details.

Closed Crawlspaces Do Double Duty

Author(s)
Dastur Cyrus,
Davis Bruce
Organization(s)
Home Energy Magazine
Publication Date
Article describing how closed crawlspaces can do "double duty" by controlling moisture and providing energy savings.

The Scary Crawlspace

Author(s)
Hales David
Organization(s)
Home Energy Magazine
Publication Date
Article describing the risks associated with vented and unvented crawlspaces in different climate zones.

Designing Closed Crawlspaces

Author(s)
Dastur Cyrus
Organization(s)
Advanced Energy
Publication Date
Guide about designing and installing closed crawlspaces.

Fixing Wet Basements and Crawlspaces

Author(s)
Todd Jason
Organization(s)
Home Energy Magazine
Publication Date
Article describing methods to manage moisture, rainwater, and vapor in basements and crawlspaces.

New Light in Crawlspaces, BSI-009

Author(s)
Lstiburek Joseph W
Organization(s)
Building Science Corporation,
BSC
Publication Date
Building science insight into crawlspaces.

Evaluation of Crawlspace Retrofits in Multifamily Buildings

Author(s)
Rudd Armin
Organization(s)
Building Science Corporation,
BSC,
U.S. Department of Energy,
DOE,
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,
EERE
Publication Date
Report analyzing results in crawlspace retrofits in multifamily buildings.
*For non-dated media, such as websites, the date listed is the date accessed.
Contributors to this Guide

The following authors and organizations contributed to the content in this Guide.

IBACOS, lead for IBACOS, a DOE Building America Research Team

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Building Science-to-Sales Translator

Tight Air Sealed Home = Comprehensive Draft Protection

Technical Description

Poorly air-sealed homes are less comfortable and cost more to maintain because they provide a pathway for drafts, cold spots, moisture, and insects into the home. Comprehensive draft protection includes a continuous air barrier around the whole house along with caulking and sealing in all holes and cracks. This includes around wiring, plumbing, ducts, and flues; where wall framing meets flooring; around windows; where drywall meets top plates and sill plates; where rim joists meet foundation walls and subfloors; etc. Spray foam insulation can be used at rim joists, floors above unconditioned space, and in attics to insulate and air seal at the same time.

Alternate Terms

Air Contaminant Sealing
Comprehensive Energy Seal
Advanced Home Sealing Technology
Moisture-Sealed Construction
Comprehensive Draft Protection
Sales Message

Comprehensive draft protection minimizes air flow that can undermine a complete high-performance insulation system. What this means for you is less wasted energy along with enhanced comfort, health, quiet, and durability. Wouldn’t you agree it would be a shame to only get a partial return on your investment in advanced insulation?

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