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Rigid Foam Board Interior Insulation for Existing Foundation Walls

    Scope
    Scope Images
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    Example types of crawlspace foundation systems
    Scope

    Air seal and insulate the walls of an existing crawlspace with rigid foam board insulation. 

    • Allow for a pest control inspection strip if required by local code.
    • Install a supply and return connected to the living space of the home to condition the crawlspace to encourage drying.  
    • Ensure that a 6-mil or thicker vapor barrier completely covers the crawlspace floor and is mechanically fastened to walls and piers 12 to 18 inches up from the crawlspace floor.
    • Cover vent openings with rigid foam.
    • Install rigid foam insulation to crawlspace walls. 
    • Insulate access doors and weather strip. 

    See the Compliance Tab for related codes and standards requirements, and criteria to meet national programs such as DOE’s Zero Energy Ready Home programENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes, and Indoor airPLUS.

    Description
    Description

    This measure requires the installation of band joist insulation.  See the guide Rigid Foam Board Insulation for Existing Band Joists. The method is primarily for existing construction, but the principles apply to new construction as well. Examples of the wall systems that this guide is applicable to are shown in the Scope figure. These examples are constructed of solid concrete or concrete masonry units (CMU) with a continuous brick cap or bond beam. 

    Prior to insulating the crawlspace walls, a 6-mil polyethylene sheeting vapor retarder, with the sheeting overlapped 12 in. at seams, must be installed on the walls and floor of the crawlspace. For information on how to install a polyethylene vapor retarder in a crawlspace, see “Polyethylene Lapped Up Walls/Piers and Secured in the Ground."

    Foam plastic insulation receives special scrutiny in residential building codes because some foam insulations have the potential to release toxic or flammable gases when heated, or they can accelerate the spread of fire if they ignite. To reduce these risks, most codes require a thermal barrier (typically ½-in. gypsum board or equivalent) or an ignition barrier (typically ⅜-in. gypsum board or equivalent) over foam insulation. However, several foam insulation products have been designed and tested to reduce or eliminate those risks. Check with local authorities to ensure that the rigid foam meets all code requirements.

    Polyisocyanurate or extruded polystyrene (XPS) rigid foam board is recommended as insulation because of its low permeance to water and high insulation value per inch. The thickness of the foam sheeting may depend on the climate zone in which it is installed, as well as the desired levels of performance.

    Table 1 shows the three main types of rigid foam board insulation available in the market today. The R-values vary, depending on the manufacturer, but polyisocyanurate offers the highest R-value.

    Types of rigid foam board insulation.
    Table 1. Types of Rigid Foam Board Insulation.

     

    Many rigid foam board manufacturers apply a thin polyethylene film to both sides of the panels to strengthen them and to make them impermeable to vapor. Use unfaced sheets, or remove the film from the rigid foam board prior to installation, particularly to allow some breathability at the band joist area.

    Insulate the Closed Crawlspace Walls with Rigid Foam Board

    Check with local authorities to ensure all materials and work will comply with local code requirements, such  as the R-value of the insulation, fire and combustion safety requirements, radon mitigation requirements, pest (insect) control, and flood prevention requirements. Refer to the Compliance section of this guide for additional information about potential code requirements.

    Ensure that the crawlspace floor and perimeter walls are covered with a 6-mil polyethylene vapor retarder that extends up to 4 in. from the top of the foundation walls. The vapor retarder should be secured to the foundation with strapping attached to the walls using nails, pins, or masonry screws. This vapor retarder is a continuation of the vapor retarder that is installed and secured along the floor of the crawlspace. That is, the wall and floor vapor retarder should be connected and sealed as a liner to prevent moisture and soil gases from seeping through the ground and the crawlspace walls.

    Vapor retarder already applied to the floor of the crawlspace and wrapping up the interior perimeter walls.
    Figure 1. Polyethylene 6-mil vapor barrier is installed to cover the floor of the crawlspace and extend up the interior perimeter walls; all seams are lapped and sealed and all edges are sealed and mechanically fastened to walls and piers. (Source: IBACOS.)

     

    In areas of the United States prone to insect infestation (e.g., termites or carpenter ants), the rigid foam board wall insulation will need to stop 3 in. short of the top of the foundation wall to allow for a 3-in. pest control inspection strip. (The polyethylene vapor retarder behind the foam board stops at 4 in. from the top of the foundation wall.) Consult with the local building inspector and a pest control professional for local requirements regarding a pest control inspection strip at the top or bottom of the foundation wall. 

    Crawlspaces must always have a drying mechanism. One of the most effective ways is to condition the crawlspace by bringing in a small amount of conditioned air from the mechanical system to temper the space as if it were part of the home. To include a supply and return air strategy to semi-condition the crawlspace, cut a passive return into the floor, and add a small amount of supply air to the space. At minimum, air should be delivered at a rate equal to 1 cfm (0.47 L/s) for each 50 ft2 (4.7 m2) of under-floor area or 50 cfm total, whichever is greater. This strategy meets the requirements of the 2009 International Residential Code (IRC 2009, Section R408.3, p. 108); however, local codes might have different requirements. 

    Place sheets of unfaced rigid foam board against the interior perimeter of the crawlspace walls, allowing for a 3-in. pest control inspection if required by local jurisdictions. 

     

    Rigid foam insulation applied to the crawlspace walls, allowing a 3-in. pest control inspection strip at the top.
    Figure 2. Rigid foam insulation applied to the crawlspace walls, allowing a 3-in. pest control inspection strip at the top. (Source: IBACOS.)

     

    Use masonry fasteners with large, button cap washers (intended for use with foam) to mechanically fasten the rigid foam board to the crawlspace walls from the floor of the crawlspace to the bottom of the floor structure if the termite inspection strip is not needed or, as shown in the figure above, to within 3 in. of the top of the foundation walls, which will allow for the required 3-in. pest inspection strip. The fasteners should be spaced an equal distance apart to ensure effective contact with the foundation wall. The 2009 IRC (Section N1102.2.9, p. 470) states:

    “As an alternative to insulating floors over crawl spaces, insulation of crawl space walls shall be permitted when the crawl space is not vented to the outside. Crawl space wall insulation shall be permanently fastened to the wall and extend downward from the floor to the finished grade level and then vertically and/or horizontally for at least an additional 24 inches (610 mm).”

    Add pieces of rigid foam in any vent areas. Cut the pieces to fit into the openings to create a snug fit. If a vent is recessed, it may require doubling the thickness of the foam to even the wall surface, as shown in the graphic below.

    Rigid foam insulation in vent areas.
    Figure 3. Rigid foam insulation is installed in the vent areas of the crawlspace when converting it to an unvented crawlspace. (Source: IBACOS.)

     

    Apply expansion foam sealer or caulking to seal the additional foam blocks in place. 

    Sealing the vent area insulation.
    Figure 4. Sealing the vent area insulation to converted a vented crawlspace to an unvented insulated crawlspace. (Source: IBACOS.)

     

    Air seal and insulate the crawlspace access door to prevent outside air from entering the closed crawlspace. The opening of the crawlspace access door also must have weather stripping to prevent air from entering the space.

    Exterior access door.
    Figure 5. Exterior crawlspace access door. (Source: IBACOS.)

     

    Interior access door.
    Figure 6. Interior crawlspace access door. (Source: IBACOS.)

     

    In flood-prone areas of the United States, local codes may require the installation of flood vents that allow water to pass freely into and out of a foundation to equalize pressure on the foundation walls. Choose flood vents that are designed to reduce standby air leakage. Install the rigid foam panels around all flood vents, and seal the perimeter of the vents with expansion foam sealer or caulking to prevent air leakage. Be careful that the installed foam does not inhibit operation of the vent.

    Insulate the Band Joist Area with Rigid Foam Board

    See guidance for insulating and air sealing the band joist area in the following guides: Garage Rim/Band Joist Adjoining Conditioned Space and Rigid Foam Board Insulation for Existing Band Joists.

    Finish the Work

    It is not necessary to apply insulation to the underside of the floor above a closed crawlspace because the rigid foam board insulation applied to the walls provides the necessary thermal protection. 

    When the installation of insulation on the crawlspace walls and band joist is complete, inspect the vapor retarder on the floor of the crawlspace. If any tears or rips in the vapor retarder occurred during the work, repair and seal the tears.

    Interior details of an insulated closed crawlspace.
    Figure 7. Interior details of an insulated closed crawlspace.

     

    For more information on how to close vented crawlspaces, see “Guide to Closing and Conditioning Ventilated Crawlspaces”.

    Success
    Ensuring Success

    SITE EVALUATION

    The first step in developing a plan for a crawlspace conversion is to perform a thorough evaluation of both the exterior and interior conditions. This inspection must be based on federal, state, and local regulations and carried out by a licensed or certified contractor. The following areas and specific details must be attended to before starting the sealing and insulating of any crawlspace (Dickson 2013, chapter 2).

    Immediate Health and Safety Issues

    Electrical Inspection 

    Assessing the current electrical system within the crawlspace is one of the first steps to take. A qualified electrician might need to be consulted if there is exposed or damaged wiring within the crawlspace. If there is a risk of shock or electrocution from faulty wiring, postpone the inspection of the interior systems until any issues have been resolved and the space is safe.

    Mechanical Systems/Carbon Monoxide

    Establish the type of space conditioning equipment and water heaters. If fuel-fired combustion appliances reside in the crawlspace, it is important to determine their venting and combustion air sources. These life-safety strategies are a critical first step in the overall renovation efforts of the crawlspace. If natural draft-vented appliances that depend on combustion air from the open vents in the foundation are present, equipment upgrades and replacement or alterations to the makeup air methods will be necessary. The best strategy is to replace natural draft-vented appliances with sealed combustion, direct vent furnaces or all-electric heat pumps. The direct vent gas furnaces draw combustion air directly from outside through piping to the unit. All combustion by-products are vented through sealed piping to the outdoors, minimizing the possibility of any carbon monoxide spillage. Verify that a carbon monoxide detector is installed and operational in the crawlspace.

    If there are any gas line regulators within the crawlspace, they will need to be moved so they vent to the outdoors.

    Mold/Framing

    Finding some traces of mold or mildew is common in a poorly detailed and ventilated crawlspace. The floor deck and all framing in the crawlspace are vulnerable to some level of fungal attack if moisture levels within the crawlspace go unchecked. Once high levels of moisture are present, moisture will tend to condense on the cooler surfaces of the wood framing and floor deck. These areas are easy to observe and are an indicator of high moisture content. Any surface mold or fungal growth will require a certified mold remediation expert to conduct an inspection and determine an appropriate remediation protocol to clean all the components before work can proceed. Structural repairs to framing components might be necessary if there is extensive damage or wood rot.

    Asbestos

    Exposure to asbestos increases a person’s risk of developing lung disease. Old crawlspaces might have asbestos-based insulation wraps on ductwork and plumbing pipes. If discovered, a certified asbestos abatement firm will have to be contracted to inspect and determine the best treatment strategy for the particular situation. General movement and unintentional contact with asbestos-based products can stir the fibers, which then become airborne within the confined space, posing a health risk to workers.

    Guidance for mitigating asbestos-related issues from HUD, EPA, NIH, OSHA and FEMA is available in Homeowner's and Renter's Guide to Asbestos Cleanup After Disasters and Asbestos: Worker and Employer Guide to Hazards and Recommended Controls

    Hazardous Materials Storage

    Completely remove and properly dispose of all hazardous materials if any hazardous-type material has been stored in the crawlspace (e.g., creosote-treated lumber or pesticides).

    Radon 

    In areas where radon is a risk or where the local residential code requires control of radon or other soil gases, houses with closed crawlspace foundations must be tested and monitored. If necessary, an approved mitigation system must be installed. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Surgeon General recommend testing all homes for radon.

    Installing a passive radon mitigation system before undertaking all sealing work could be necessary in radon-prone areas. After the crawlspace is closed and sealed, final testing for radon can take place. Converting the passive system to an active system is easily accomplished if readings exceed the EPA’s acceptable levels.

    Exterior Moisture Sources

    Roof Drainage Away from the House 

    Inspect the roof’s bulk water discharge strategy, including all gutters and downspouts, to ensure bulk water runoff is not allowed to collect next to or near the foundation. Downspouts should discharge directly into drains that are directed to a storm sewer system, retention pond, daylighting if the land topography permits, or yard bubblers that are a minimum of 10 ft away from the foundation.

    Grading Around the House

    Evaluate the grading around the perimeter of the house. Ideally, the ground slopes a minimum of 5% away from the foundation walls for at least the first 10 ft to direct groundwater away from the structure. If proper slope away from the foundation cannot be established because of the home’s elevation and surrounding grade, a surface drainage system (“grade gutter”) should be installed. This system collects water and diverts it away from the foundation.

    Before beginning any excavation work, make sure to identify any underground utilities that enter the house, and notify the respective utility companies as required.

    Sprinklers

    Turn on all sprinklers installed near the foundation to observe their flow pattern. The sprinklers must be positioned so they do not subject the foundation or its immediate vicinity to water.

    Foundation Waterproofing and Drainage

    Implementing foundation waterproofing and a perimeter drain strategy on the exterior walls will be required on exceptionally problematic sites. Such sites typically have high groundwater or water flow against the foundation that cannot be remediated in any other way.

    Foundation Vents

    The foundation vents can be another source of bulk water entry. Make sure that they are not too low in relation to the exterior grade. If the vents fall near or below grade, they will need to be filled in with block, brick, or concrete and sealed to prevent water entry.

    Access Door

    Inspect the general location and overall weather seal of the access door. The access door should be located high enough off of grade to prevent groundwater runoff and snowmelt from entering the crawlspace. If the door is located too low and there is not enough clearance to adjust the entry height, remove the door, seal the opening, and install a new entry at a different location on the exterior that will accommodate the clearance. If no suitable location meets these criteria, cutting an access way through the floor system within the house will be required.

    Interior Moisture Sources

    Standing Water on the Floor

    Any recognizable standing water must be eliminated and the source of the water identified and repaired to prevent a reoccurrence that would raise the moisture levels within the space. Typically, standing water indicates a leaking pipe from above or groundwater entering the space from outside the building or under the floor.

    Leaking Drains or Supply Plumbing

    Conduct a thorough inspection of all drains and supply plumbing located within the crawlspace to make sure no leaks are adding moisture to the space.

    Mechanical System Condensate Drain 

    Evaluate the entire length of the condensate drain from the air handler to the discharge point. Because of the potentially corrosive discharge from sealed combustion furnaces and air conditioners, condensate drains must be installed as required by local jurisdictions. They must be properly supported and routed directly to a sealed sump crock lid, a floor drain fitting, or a sanitary sewer.

    In addition to the primary drain and as a safety precaution if the primary drain fails, an auxiliary drain pan with a separate drain beneath any cooling or evaporator coil is recommended to prevent condensate from flooding the crawlspace. Inspect the current condition of the crawlspace floor because it is a critical factor in directing any surface water toward collector drains and the sump. It also minimizes moisture movement from the soil into the crawlspace environment. Poor sealing practices of the polyethylene vapor barrier allow ground moisture to infiltrate through gaps or open seams in the barrier, increasing the relative humidity of the crawlspace. Grading the base to a minimum 3% slope toward low-spot collector drains that can move water directly to the sump is necessary to eliminate ground moisture from seeping into the space.

    Vent Openings

    All intentional, operable, or fixed foundation vents will need to be sealed to prevent warm, moisture-laden air from being drawn into the crawlspace. If vents are too low and likely to pose bulk water intrusion into the crawlspace, they will need to be sealed with concrete block, brick, concrete, or glass block windows to prevent water entry.

    Sump Pump

    Inspect all sump pump crock pits installed in the crawlspace, looking at the detailing of their lids and any drain pipe penetrations. Missing lids and an absence of sealing will allow moisture to enter and increase the relative humidity of the crawlspace. The 2009 IRC states the following in Section R405.2.3, Drainage System (IRC 2009a, p. 107):

    In other than Group I soils, a sump shall be provided to drain the porous layer and footings. The sump shall be at least 24 inches (610 mm) in diameter or 20 inches square (0.01129 m2), shall extend at least 24 inches (610 mm) below the bottom of the basement floor and shall be capable of positive gravity or mechanical drainage to remove any accumulated water. The drainage system should discharge into an approved sewer system or to daylight.

    In areas with high water tables, installing a battery backup system to the pump is recommended to aid in drainage during power outages.

    Drain Pipes

    To prevent any water backups through drain pipes, Advanced Energy recommends the following (Advanced Energy 2012, p. 12):

    Use a backflow valve in crawlspace drains and a check valve in sump pump out-flow pipes to prevent reverse flow of outside water into the crawlspace and to reduce the chance of vermin entry. Floor drains with p-traps that connect to the whole house plumbing waste drain or to a municipal sewer system may allow entry or sewer gases if (when) the trap dries out and pose a risk of sewage backup.

    Other Contaminants

    Feces, Carcasses, and Other Animal Waste

    Old existing crawlspaces, if left unattended, can contain large amounts of animal droppings or carcasses of animals that have found a way into the crawlspace and died. Be prepared for this possibility, and have the means to conduct a thorough cleanup before proceeding.

    Animal Infestation

    In some cases, crawlspaces that have been left unattended or neglected can harbor wild animals. Recognizing the exterior details that allow entry and exit and other activity will help prepare the inspector. Depending on the severity, the local animal control agency might need to assist in removing any unwanted animals.

    Pest Control

    Termites and carpenter ants are known to thrive in dark, damp places that have a readily available food source nearby. Inspecting the foundation walls and framing for signs of these pests is required before moving forward. Any observed signs will then require a more in-depth inspection and treatment by a pest control professional.

    Thermal

    Insulation Strategy

    The current insulation levels, location, and integrity will need to be assessed to determine the appropriate strategy for the climatic region. Existing fiberglass batt insulation in the floor system and draped over the foundation walls should be removed and discarded. A good work plan will include a thorough specification and implementation strategy for thermal insulation.

    Space Conditioning

    Crawlspaces must always have a drying mechanism. One of the most effective ways is to condition the crawlspace by bringing in a reduced amount of conditioned air from the mechanical system to temper the space as if it were part of the home. A supply and return air strategy must be included to semi-condition the crawlspace.

    In some areas of the country that do not have air conditioning or if local requirements will not allow band joist insulation, it might be necessary to install a permanent dehumidification system in the crawlspace to maintain the 30%–50% humidity levels within the space.

    Stop Work Conditions

    Figure 8 summarizes the conditions that will necessitate stopping all work on the crawlspace project. Once these problems have been solved, renovation work can continue.

    Stop work conditions.
    Figure 8. Conditions for stop work.

     

    OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

    It is imperative to check with local code authorities prior to the installation of any insulation in closed crawlspaces and band joist areas to ensure that all local code requirements are met, such as the R-value of insulation, fire and combustion safety requirements, pest inspection requirements, and radon mitigation requirements. 

    Also, local codes in flood-prone areas of the United States may require the installation of flood vents that allow water to pass freely into and out of a foundation to equalize pressure on the foundation walls. Flood vents should be designed to reduce standby air leakage.

    If the bottom of the crawlspace is below grade, it will be necessary to damp-proof or waterproof the exterior wall surface of the crawlspace. For information on how to accomplish this water management strategy, see “Damp-Proof Exterior Surface of Below-Grade Walls."

    During any sealing process, follow safe work practices to minimize any effects from sealants or adhesive fumes on workers’ health. Temporary ventilation could be necessary during the installations.

    Applying a coat of light-colored paint over the 3-in. pest control inspection gap at the top of the foundation walls will facilitate pest inspections.

    Never store flammable materials (e.g., gasoline, solvents) in any crawlspace.

    Check with local authorities, and be sure the rigid foam material meets all safety requirements and fire codes. 

    Cover the floor of the crawlspace and the crawlspace perimeter walls with 6-mil polyethylene vapor retarder.

    Assess the moisture potential in the band joist area, and if appropriate, insulate and seal the band joist as an integral part of the work. 

    Typical R-values for common insulation materials are summarized in this table, which also identifies the vapor retarder classification for each insulation.

    Climate
    Climate

    During warm seasons in mixed-humid and humid climates, the outside air can contain more water vapor than the air within the crawlspace. Thus, a closed crawlspace reduces the potential for moisture problems (e.g., condensation, mold growth, wood rot) within the crawlspace. Local building codes can have specific requirements for types of insulation and requirements for the 3-in. pest control inspection strip at the top of the foundation wall.

    2009 - 2021 IECC and IRC Minimum Insulation Requirements

    Install insulation in amounts that meet or exceed code-required levels for your climate zone. Please see this table for the minimum insulation requirements for ceilings, walls, floors, and foundations in new homes, as listed in the 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018 IECC and IRC. 

    The map in Figure 1 shows the climate zones for states that have adopted energy codes equivalent to the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) 2009, 12, 15, and 18. The map in Figure 2 shows the climate zones for states that have adopted energy codes equivalent to the IECC 2021. Climate zone-specific requirements specified in the IECC are shown in the Compliance Tab of this guide. 

     

    IECC climate zone map.
    Figure 1. Climate Zone Map from IECC 2009, 12, 15, and 18. (Source: 2012 IECC)

     

    Climate Zone Map from IECC 2021.
    Figure 2. Climate Zone Map from IECC 2021. (Source: 2021 IECC)

     

    Pests

    Where termite infestation is heavy (see map), when installing rigid foam  on the interior or exterior of the basement or crawlspace walls, leave a termite inspection strip or gap in the insulation to allow inspection of the wall for the presence of termite tunnels.

    Termite Infestation Probability Map, Adapted from the 2021 International Residential Code (IRC), Figure R301.2(7)
    Figure 3. Termite Infestation Probability Map, Adapted from the 2021 International Residential Code (IRC), Figure R301.2(7) (Source: Courtesy of PNNL).

     

    Training
    Right and Wrong Images
    Image
    Right - Rigid foam board is attached to the interior surface of the basement walls.
    Right - Rigid foam board is attached to the interior surface of the basement walls.
    Image
    Basement foundation insulated on interior with rigid foam
    Basement foundation insulated on interior with rigid foam
    Image
    The wall’s concrete blocks are filled with foam and covered with an interior continuous thermal blanket of rigid foam insulation.
    The wall’s concrete blocks are filled with foam and covered with an interior continuous thermal blanket of rigid foam insulation.
    Image
    Right – All penetrations through the sill plate are caulked or foamed.
    Right – All penetrations through the sill plate are caulked or foamed.
    Image
    Right – Construction adhesive is applied to the rigid foam panels that will be installed on the interior basement walls.
    Right – Construction adhesive is applied to the rigid foam panels that will be installed on the interior basement walls.
    Image
    Right – Rigid foam was attached to the tops of the precast foundation walls to form an insulated edge for the floor slab.
    Right – Rigid foam was attached to the tops of the precast foundation walls to form an insulated edge for the floor slab.
    Image
    Right – The basement of this cold-climate home is insulated along interior walls with 2 inches of foil-faced rigid foam; finished basement walls also have a 2x4 interior wall insulated with R-19 blown-in fiberglass insulation and a poly vapor barrier.
    Right – The basement of this cold-climate home is insulated along interior walls with 2 inches of foil-faced rigid foam; finished basement walls also have a 2x4 interior wall insulated with R-19 blown-in fiberglass insulation and a poly vapor barrier.
    Videos
    Compliance

    Compliance

    The Compliance tab contains both program and code information. Code language is excerpted and summarized below. For exact code language, refer to the applicable code, which may require purchase from the publisher. While we continually update our database, links may have changed since posting. Please contact our webmaster if you find broken links.

     

    ENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes, Version 3/3.1 (Rev. 11)

    National Water Management System Builder Requirements

    1. Water-Managed Site and Foundation.
    1.4 Capillary break at all crawlspace floors using ≥ 6 mil polyethylene sheeting, lapped 6-12 in., & installed using one of the following:4, 5, 6
    1.4.1 Placed beneath a concrete slab; OR,
    1.4.2 Lapped up each wall or pier and fastened with furring strips or equivalent; OR,
    1.4.3 Secured in the ground at the perimeter using stakes.

    Footnote 4) Not required in Dry (B) climates as shown in 2009 IECC Figure 301.1 and Table 301.1.

    Footnote 5) Not required for raised pier foundations with no walls. To earn the ENERGY STAR, EPA recommends, but does not require, that radon-resistant features be included in homes built in EPA Radon Zones 1, 2 & 3. For more information, see www.epa.gov/indoorairplus.

    Footnote 6) For an existing slab (e.g., in a home undergoing a gut rehabilitation), in lieu of a capillary break beneath the slab, a continuous and sealed Class I or Class II Vapor Retarder (per Footnote 7) is permitted to be installed on top of the entire slab. In such cases, up to 10% of the slab surface is permitted to be exempted from this requirement (e.g., for sill plates). In addition, for existing slabs in occupiable space, the Vapor Retarder shall be, or shall be protected by, a durable floor surface. If Class I Vapor Retarders are installed, they shall not be installed on the interior side of air permeable insulation or materials prone to moisture damage.

    Footnote 7) Interior surface of an existing below-grade wall (e.g., in a home undergoing a gut rehab.) listed in Item 1.5a is permitted to be finished by:

    • Installing a continuous and sealed drainage plane, capillary break, Class I Vapor Retarder (per Footnote 8) and air barrier that terminates into a foundation drainage system as specified in Item 1.8; OR
    • If a drain tile is not required as specified in Footnote 9, adhering a capillary break and Class I Vapor Retarder (per Footnote 8) directly to the wall with the edges taped/sealed to make it continuous.

    Note that no alternative compliance option is provided for existing below-grade wood-framed walls in Item 1.5b.

    Please see the ENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes Implementation Timeline for the program version and revision currently applicable in your state.

     

    DOE Zero Energy Ready Home (Revision 07)

    Exhibit 1 Mandatory Requirements.
    Exhibit 1, Item 1) Certified under the ENERGY STAR Qualified Homes Program or the ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction Program.
    Exhibit 2, Item 2) Ceiling, wall, floor, and slab insulation shall meet or exceed 2015 IECC levels and achieve Grade 1 installation, per RESNET standards.

    Local building codes have specific requirements such as the R-value of insulation, fire and combustion requirements, radon mitigation requirements, flood prevention requirements, and requirements for a pest control inspection strip at the top and/or the bottom of the foundation wall. Begin by checking with local authorities to ensure that all materials and work will comply with local code requirements. 

    The 2009 International Residential Code states that unvented crawlspaces are acceptable if one of the following is provided for the under-floor space (IRC 2009, R408.3, p. 108):

    1.“Exposed earth is covered with a continuous Class I vapor retarder. Joints of the vapor retarder shall overlap by 6 inches (152 mm) and shall be sealed or taped. The edges of the vapor retarder shall extend at least 6 inches (152 mm) up the stem wall and shall be attached and sealed to the stem wall; and

    2.“One of the following is provided for the under-floor space:

    2.1“Continuously operated mechanical exhaust ventilation at a rate equal to 1 cubic foot per minute (0.47 L/s) for each 50 square feet (47 m2) of crawlspace floor area, including an air pathway to the common area (such as a duct or transfer grille), and perimeter walls insulated in accordance with Section N1102.2.9;

    2.2“Conditioned air supply sized to deliver at a rate equal to 1 cubic foot per minute (0.47 L/s) for each 50 square feet (4.7 m2) of under-floor area, including a return air pathway to the common area (such as a duct or transfer grille), and perimeter walls insulated in accordance with Section N1102.2.9;

    2.3“Plenum in existing structures complying with Section M1601.5, if under-floor space is used as a plenum.”

     

    2009-2021 IECC and IRC Insulation Requirements Table

    The minimum insulation requirements for ceilings, walls, floors, and foundations in new homes, as listed in the 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, and 2021 IECC and IRC, can be found in this table

     

    2009, 2012, 2015, 2018,  and 2021 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)

    The International Energy Conservation Code® (IECC) gives prescriptive requirements for insulation levels for crawlspace walls.

    *Crawlspaces in climate zones 1 and 2 typically are constructed above grade; therefore, reasonable energy savings can occur if an insulation strategy similar to that for climate zone 3 is followed.

    Foam plastic insulation receives special scrutiny in residential building codes because some foam insulations have the potential to release toxic or flammable gases when heated, or they can accelerate the spread of fire if they ignite. To reduce these risks, most codes require a thermal barrier (typically ½-in. [13-mm] gypsum board or equivalent) or an ignition barrier (typically ⅜-in. [10-mm] gypsum board or equivalent) over foam insulation. However, several foam insulation products have been designed and tested to reduce or eliminate those risks. Duct products can be installed without a thermal barrier or ignition barrier with the appropriate documentation.

    Houses located in flood zones may be required to have flood vents. Flood vents are openings in a foundation wall that automatically allow the free passage of flood water into and out of a foundation to equalize hydrostatic forces on the foundation walls. When required in a closed crawlspace, choose a flood vent model that reduces standby air leakage as much as possible. The Federal Emergency Management Agency and the National Flood Insurance Program specify the design requirements for flood vents as well as the guidelines for where they must be implemented. The 2000 (and later) International Codes meet these requirements. To determine if a property is located in a Special Flood Hazard Area that would require flood vent installation, contact your local building inspections department or governing authority.

    Retrofit:  2009, 2012, 2015, 2018,  and 2021 IECC

    Section R101.4.3 (in 2009 and 2012). Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs shall conform to the provisions of this code, without requiring the unaltered portions of the existing building to comply with this code. (See code for additional requirements and exceptions.)

    Chapter 5 (in 2015, 2018, 2021). The provisions of this chapter shall control the alteration, repair, addition, and change of occupancy of existing buildings and structures.

     

    2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, and 2021 International Residential Code (IRC)

    Section R202 defines Termite Resistant Material as pressure-preservative-treated wood in accordance with the AWPA standards in Section R317.1 in the 2018 and 2021 IRC (R318.1 in 2009, 2012, and 2015 IRC), naturally durable termite-resistant wood such as Alaska yellow cedar, redwood, Eastern red cedar and Western red cedar including all sapwood of Western red cedar, steel, concrete, masonry or other approved material.

    Sections R318.1 – R318.3 describe control methods including field-applied chemical treatments for soil and wood and metal or plastic barriers including shields on top of foundation walls. Section R318.4 notes that in areas indicated as having a very heavy probability of termite infestation, as shown in the termite probability map in 2021 IRC Figure R318.4 (R301.2(7) in 2018 IRC, R301.2(6) in 2009, 2012, and 2015 IRC), rigid foam including extruded or expanded polystyrene, polyisocyanurate and other foam plastics should not be installed on the exterior face of foundation walls or under foundation walls or slabs below grade and, if foam is applied on exterior above-grade walls, there must be at least six inches of clearance between the foam and the soil surface. There are exceptions to this restriction: if all structural members of the building are made of noncombustible or pressure-preservative-treated wood, or the foam is protected by some approved method, or if the foam is installed on the interior of basement walls.

    Figure R318.4 in the 2021 IRC (R301.2(7) in 2018 IRC, R301.2(6) in 2009, 2012, and 2015 IRC) is a Termite Infestation Probability Map, determining if the home will be constructed in an area of very heavy, moderate-to-heavy, slight-to-moderate, or none-to-slight termite infestation.

    Retrofit:  2009, 2012, 2015, 2018,  and 2021 IRC

    Section R102.7.1 Additions, alterations, or repairs. Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs shall conform to the provisions of this code, without requiring the unaltered portions of the existing building to comply with the requirements of this code, unless otherwise stated. (See code for additional requirements and exceptions.)

    Appendix J regulates the repair, renovation, alteration, and reconstruction of existing buildings and is intended to encourage their continued safe use.

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    References and Resources*
    Author(s)
    Dickson
    Organization(s)
    IBACOS,
    National Renewable Energy Laboratory
    Publication Date
    Description
    Report explaining the issues and concerns with conventional ventilated crawlspaces and to outline prescriptive measures for improvements that will create healthier and more durable spaces.
    Author(s)
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
    U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,
    Federal Emergency Management Agency
    Organization(s)
    FEMA,
    EPA,
    HUD
    Publication Date
    Description
    Guidance from EPA, FEMA, HUD, and NIH on how to deal with asbestos in homes following natural disasters.
    Author(s)
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
    U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,
    Occupational Safety and Health Administration
    Organization(s)
    FEMA,
    EPA,
    NIH,
    OSHA
    Publication Date
    Description
    Guidance from HUD, EPA, NIH, and FEMA for workers who deal directly with asbestos.
    *For non-dated media, such as websites, the date listed is the date accessed.
    Contributors to this Guide

    The following authors and organizations contributed to the content in this Guide.

    Building Science Corporation, lead for the Building Science Consortium (BSC), a DOE Building America Research Team

    Sales
    Building Science Measures
    Building Science-to-Sales Translator

    High-R Foundation Insulation = High-Efficiency or Ultra-Efficient Foundation Insulation

    Image(s)
    Technical Description

    There are two levels of foundation insulation: high-efficiency insulation, which meets the 2015 International Energy Conservation Code, and ultra-efficient insulation, which is 25% more efficient than this national code. Using high-efficiency and ultra-efficient insulation, along with professional installation (e.g., no gaps, voids, compression, or misalignment with air barriers; complete air barriers; and minimal thermal bridging) creates conditioned spaces that require very little heating and cooling, along with, even comfort and quiet throughout the house.

    High-Efficiency or Ultra-Efficient Foundation Insulation
    Sales Message

    High-efficiency foundation insulation helps provide added thermal protection. What this means to you is less wasted energy along with enhanced comfort and quiet. Knowing there is one opportunity to optimize performance during construction, wouldn’t you agree it’s a great opportunity to meet or exceed future codes?

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