Scope
Air seal and insulate the rim and band joists of walls separating an attached garage from the home’s conditioned space.
- Design the garage so that floor joists run parallel to the wall separating the garage from the living space forming a natural air barrier or use a rigid air barrier material to block open rim joists. Rigid air barrier materials could include rigid foam insulation, drywall, plywood, or OSB, among others.
- Air seal any seams, gaps or holes in the rim joist or joist bay blocking material using caulk or foam.
- Insulate the rim joist area to code-required levels using rigid foam, spray foam, or a combination of rigid or spray foam and batt insulation.
- Ensure that the air barrier is continuous and in full contact with the insulation.
- If spray foam insulation is used for the wall cavity insulation, the spray foam can serve as the air barrier if it is at least 5.5 inches thick if open-cell or at least 1.5 inches thick if closed-cell spray foam insulation.
- ENERGY STAR requires that an air barrier be installed at the exterior vertical surface of the wall insulation in all climate zones and also that an air barrier be installed at the interior vertical surface in IECC Climate Zones 4-8 (ENERGY STAR).
See the Compliance Tab for related codes and standards requirements, and criteria to meet national programs such as DOE’s Zero Energy Ready Home program, ENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes, and Indoor airPLUS.
Description
Attached garages can be a significant source of indoor air pollutants. Fumes from cleaning chemicals, garden fertilizers, pesticides, and vehicle exhaust are among the many contaminants that can be drawn into homes from attached garages if the walls and doors between the home and the garage aren’t adequately air sealed. Open joist bays above the garage that extend into living spaces are one air pathway. Airflow through cracks between and around the boards of the rim joist, the top plate, and the sill plate-foundation wall intersections are other areas where air can flow through if seams aren’t adequately sealed. Certain conditions in the home can cause the home to become depressurized, making it even more likely for garage air to be drawn into the home through leaks in and around the rim joists. Depressurization can occur when the house is airtight and an exhaust fan, range hood, clothes dryer, or combustion appliance is operated, if adequate makeup air is not provided to the house through a fresh air intake (a duct that brings outside air to the return side of the air handler).
For occupant health and safety, consider designing homes with detached garages. If attached, the garage should be completely air sealed from the living areas of the house. When garage ceiling joists span both the living space and the garage, the joist bay cavities must be blocked off and sealed. It is preferable to design the garage so that rim joists run parallel with the adjoining wall to act as a natural air barrier. The rim joists should be insulated and all seams where components (including the rim joist, top plate, and subfloor) come together should be sealed with caulk, spray foam, or foam gaskets. Seams between the bottom plate and the slab of the adjoining wall should also be caulked, foamed, or gasketed. This air sealing could be done by the framer or the insulation installer. This task should be included in the contract for the appropriate trade depending on the workflow at the specific job site.
If the air handler for a central furnace must be located in the garage, it should be in an air-sealed closet with a dedicated air intake for combustion, a flue that exhausts to the outside, and a fresh-air intake ducted from the outside to the return plenum so that it is not drawing garage air to circulate through the house. Do not have supply or return registers in the garage. Determine whether a garage exhaust fan is advisable.
Install carbon monoxide detectors inside the home.
How to Air Seal the Rim Joist between the Garage and Living Space Using Rigid Foam
- Design walls adjoining garages so that the rim joist board runs parallel to the wall, providing a continuous natural air break. Where ceiling joists run perpendicular to the adjoining wall, one option is to make the rim joist continuous and have separate but aligned ceiling joists on each side of the rim joist (Figure 1).
Figure 1. A continuous rim joist separates the garage ceiling joist bays from the living space ceiling joist bays. - Cut a rectangle of rigid foam (polyisocyanurate or extruded polystyrene) to fit into each floor joist bay cavity. If the joist bay is open (Figure 2), make a backstop for the foam board by tacking furring strips to the framing in line with the foundation or house wall.
Figure 2. The ceiling joist bays above the garage wall are open to the adjoining living space. - Insert rigid foam pieces into each joist bay (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Fitting rigid foam in garage wall rim joist cavities to insulate and serve as an air barrier. - Use caulk or spray foam to air seal all four edges in each bay (Figure 4). Make sure to completely air seal around the rigid foam to prevent moist air from reaching and condensing on the rim joist.
Figure 4. Caulk around each piece of rigid foam in garage wall rim joist cavities. - Add an additional layer of rigid foam or batt insulation to meet or exceed the code-required insulation level for an exterior wall.
How to Air Seal the Rim Joist between the Garage and Living Space Using Spray Foam
- Use urethane spray foam insulation to cover the rim joist and seam with the top plate or subfloor (Figure 5). Spray foams that are high density (closed cell, 2 pounds/cubic foot) or low density (open cell, 0.5 pounds/cubic foot) can provide acceptable results; open-cell foams might require additional vapor and condensation control measures in IECC Climate Zone 6 and higher. Foam can be applied by a spray foam subcontractor or by trades using two-part spray foam kits.
Spray foam in band joists is typically concealed between floors, so no other thermal barrier is required. However, the International Residential Code (2009 IRC and 2012 IRC R316.5.11) allows the spray foam at rim joists to be exposed (i.e., without a 15-minute thermal barrier such as drywall) as long as the thickness is less than 3-¼ inch, the foam has a density between 0.5 and 2.0 pounds per cubic foot (PCF), and the foam has a flame spread index of ≤ 25 and a smoke index of ≤ 450 when tested in accordance with ASTM E 84. High-density (closed-cell, 2-PCF) spray foams were approved in the 2003 IRC and low-density (open-cell, 0.5-PCF) foams were approved in the 2009 IRC, as well as any intermediate densities (BSC 2009).
Although open-cell spray foam is acceptable in this application, closed-cell spray foam is preferred in hot-humid or extreme cold climates (IECC Climate Zones 1A, 2A, 7, and 8) (CARB 2009).
Figure 5. Spray foam insulates the rim joist and air seals the subfloor-rim joist and rim joist-top plate connections. - For additional protection when living space is located above the garage, consider a “flash” seal approach - spray the entire ceiling of the garage with a thin layer of foam to air seal any cracks, holes, or seams in the subfloor. Then add batt insulation to meet the insulation R-value requirement (Figure 6). This reduces costs compared to filling joists to the required thickness with spray foam alone. Cover the ceiling insulation with taped and mudded drywall.
Figure 6. Garage ceiling with spray foam flash air seal plus batt insulation.
Other Considerations
- Seal all penetrations through the common wall and ceiling. Use gaskets, airtight drywall technique, etc., to make the common wall and ceiling airtight. Caulk or spray foam the garage slab-foundation wall junction.
- Install a self-closing, insulated, metal, fire-rated door with a good weather seal between the living space and the garage.
- Install a passive roof vent to keep the garage at a negative pressure in relationship to the house or consider installing a timer-operated exhaust fan that vents to the outside.
- If the central HVAC system is installed in the garage, install a closed-combustion unit that draws intake combustion air from outside, vents exhaust air to outside, and has a fresh air intake ducted to the outside. Install the unit in an air-sealed closet. Mastic seal any ducts located in the garage. Do not install any return registers in the garage.
Success
If the home has an attached garage, visually inspect for cracks or improper sealing along the rim joist above walls separating the garage from the home. For joist bays that extend from over the garage ceiling to over or under living areas of the house, the joist bay cavities should be blocked off at the common wall with a rigid air barrier that is caulked or foamed at all edges and insulated. Rim joists that run parallel to the shared wall should be air sealed and insulated..
Blower door testing conducted as part of the whole-house energy performance testing can indicate if the garage is sealed off from the house. It can also be used to determine whether the rim joists have been successfully air sealed. With the home depressurized, check for air leaks at the rim joist with a smoke pencil or infrared camera. Blower door testing can also help determine if the home is depressurized compared to the outside. If so, additional ventilation may be called for to prevent garage fumes from being pulled into the home.
The following actions are also recommended to ensure that garage air is separated from house air. Visually inspect for cracks along the base of garage walls that adjoin living space and along sill plates on top of foundation walls on adjoining walls. Visually inspect that all penetrations through adjoining walls and garage ceilings below living spaces are sealed. Test the seal tightness of doors linking the garage with the rest of the home. Visually inspect that furnaces installed in the garage have cabinets and ducts that are air sealed with mastic or metal tape or, preferably, that furnaces are installed in an air-sealed closet. No return air registers should be installed in the garage. Any ducts installed in the garage should be sealed with mastic and tested for air tightness.
Climate
If the rim joists are to be sealed with spray foam, although both open-cell and closed-cell spray foam are acceptable in this application, closed-cell spray foam is preferred in hot-humid or extreme cold climates (IECC Climate Zones 1A, 2A, 7, and 8) (CARB 2009).
The map in Figure 1 shows the climate zones for states that have adopted energy codes equivalent to the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) 2009, 12, 15, and 18. The map in Figure 2 shows the climate zones for states that have adopted energy codes equivalent to the IECC 2021. Climate zone-specific requirements specified in the IECC are shown in the Compliance Tab of this guide.
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Compliance
The Compliance tab contains both program and code information. Code language is excerpted and summarized below. For exact code language, refer to the applicable code, which may require purchase from the publisher. While we continually update our database, links may have changed since posting. Please contact our webmaster if you find broken links.
ENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes, Version 3/3.1 (Rev. 11)
National Rater Field Checklist
Thermal Enclosure System.
2. Fully-Aligned Air Barriers.7 At each insulated location below, a complete air barrier is provided that is fully aligned as follows:
Walls: At exterior vertical surface of wall insulation in all climate zones; also at interior vertical surface of wall insulation in Climate Zones 4-8.9
2.4 Walls adjoining porch roofs or garages.
Floors: At exterior vertical surface of floor insulation in all climate zones and, if over unconditioned space, also at interior horizontal surface including supports to ensure alignment. Alternatives in Footnotes 12 & 13.11, 12, 13
2.6 Floors above garages, floors above unconditioned basements or crawlspaces, and cantilevered floors.
2.7 All other floors adjoining unconditioned space (e.g., rim / band joists at exterior wall or at porch roof).
4. Air Sealing (Unless otherwise noted below, “sealed” indicates the use of caulk, foam, or equivalent material).
4.7 Walls that separate attached garages from occupiable space sealed and, also, an air barrier installed and sealed at floor cavities aligned with these walls.
Footnote 7) For purposes of this Checklist, an air barrier is defined as any durable solid material that blocks air flow between conditioned space and unconditioned space, including necessary sealing to block excessive air flow at edges and seams and adequate support to resist positive and negative pressures without displacement or damage. EPA recommends, but does not require, rigid air barriers. Open-cell or closed-cell foam shall have a finished thickness ≥ 5.5 in. or 1.5 in., respectively, to qualify as an air barrier unless the manufacturer indicates otherwise. If flexible air barriers such as house wrap are used, they shall be fully sealed at all seams and edges and supported using fasteners with caps or heads ≥ 1 in. diameter unless otherwise indicated by the manufacturer. Flexible air barriers shall not be made of kraft paper, paper-based products, or other materials that are easily torn. If polyethylene is used, its thickness shall be ≥ 6 mil.
Footnote 9) All insulated vertical surfaces are considered walls (e.g., above and below grade exterior walls, knee walls) and must meet the air barrier requirements for walls. The following exceptions apply: air barriers recommended, but not required, in adiabatic walls in multifamily dwellings; and, in Climate Zones 4 through 8, an air barrier at the interior vertical surface of insulation is recommended but not required in basement walls or crawlspace walls. For the purpose of these exceptions, a basement or crawlspace is a space for which ≥ 40% of the total gross wall area is below-grade.
Footnote 11) EPA highly recommends, but does not require, an air barrier at the interior vertical surface of floor insulation in Climate Zones 4-8.
Footnote 12) Examples of supports necessary for permanent contact include staves for batt insulation or netting for blown-in insulation. Alternatively, supports are not required if batts fill the full depth of the floor cavity, even when compression occurs due to excess insulation, as long as the R-value of the batts has been appropriately assessed based on manufacturer guidance and the only defect preventing the insulation from achieving the required installation grade is the compression caused by the excess insulation.
Footnote 13) Alternatively, an air barrier is permitted to be installed at the exterior horizontal surface of the floor insulation if the insulation is installed in contact with this air barrier, the exterior vertical surfaces of the floor cavity are also insulated, and air barriers are included at the exterior vertical surfaces of this insulation.
Please see the ENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes Implementation Timeline for the program version and revision currently applicable in your state.
DOE Zero Energy Ready Home (Revision 07)
Exhibit 1 Mandatory Requirements.
Exhibit 1, Item 1) Certified under the ENERGY STAR Qualified Homes Program or the ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction Program.
Exhibit 1, Item 2) Ceiling, wall, floor, and slab insulation shall meet or exceed 2015 IECC levels and achieve Grade 1 installation, per RESNET standards. See the guide 2015 IECC Code Level Insulation – DOE Zero Energy Ready Home Requirements for more details.
Exhibit 2 DOE Zero Energy Ready Home Target Home.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Zero Energy Ready Home program allows builders to choose a prescriptive or performance path. The DOE Zero Energy Ready Home prescriptive path requires builders to meet or exceed the minimum HVAC efficiencies listed in Exhibit 2 of the National Program Requirements (Rev 07), as shown below. The DOE Zero Energy Ready Home performance path allows builders to select a custom combination of measures for each home that is equivalent in performance to the minimum HERS index of a modeled target home that meets the requirements of Exhibit 2 as well as the mandatory requirements of Zero Energy Ready Home Exhibit 1.
Exhibit 2, Insulation and Infiltration) Whole house leakage must be tested and meet the following infiltration limits:
- Zones 1-2: ≤ 3 ACH50;
- Zones 3-4: ≤ 2.5 ACH50;
- Zones 5-7: ≤ 2 ACH50;
- Zone 8: ≤ 1.5 ACH50;
- Attached dwellings: ≤ 3 ACH50.
Footnote 23) Envelope leakage shall be determined by an approved verifier using a RESNET-approved testing protocol.
EPA Indoor airPLUS (Revision 04)
4.3 Location of Air-Handling Equipment and Ductwork. Do not locate air-handling equipment or ductwork in garages.
Note: Ducts and equipment may be located in framing spaces or building cavities adjacent to garage walls or ceilings if they are separated from the garage space with a continuous air barrier.
American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) E1677-11
Standard Specification for Air Barrier (AB) Material or System for Low-Rise Framed Building Walls. This specification covers minimum performances and specification criteria for an air barrier material or system for framed, opaque walls of low-rise buildings. The provisions are intended to allow the user to design the wall performance criteria and increase air barrier specifications for a particular climate location, function, or design.
Air Barrier Association of America (ABAA) 07261
Self-Adhered Sheet Air Barrier. 2006. Air Barrier Association of America, Walpole, MA. This specification for self-adhered sheet air barriers is developed by a professional association, the Air Barrier Association of America, to provide guidance to the design professional.
Fluid-Applied Air and Vapor Barrier. 2012. Air Barrier Association of America, Walpole, MA. This specification for air barriers that are fluid-applied and also act as vapor barriers is developed by a professional association, the Air Barrier Association of America, to provide guidance to the design professional.
Closed Cell, Medium-Density Spray Polyurethane Foam Air Barrier. 2011. Air Barrier Association of America, Walpole, MA. This specification for closed cell, medium-density spray polyurethane foam air barriers is developed by a professional association, the Air Barrier Association of America, to provide guidance to the design professional.
Fluid-Applied Vapor Permeable Air Barrier. 2012. Air Barrier Association of America, Walpole, MA. This specification for fluid-applied vapor permeable air barriers is developed by a professional association, the Air Barrier Association of America, to provide guidance to the design professional.
2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)
Table 402.4.2 Air Barrier and Insulation Inspection Component Criteria, Garage separation: Air sealing is installed between the garage and conditioned spaces. Table 402.4.2, Air barrier and thermal barrier: Exterior wall insulation is installed in substantial contact and continuous alignment with the air barrier. Air permeable insulation is not used as a sealing material.
Table R402.4.1.1 Air Barrier and Insulation Installation, Garage separation: Air sealing is installed between the garage and conditioned spaces. Table R402.4.1.1, Air barrier and thermal barrier: A continuous air barrier is installed in the building envelope including rim joists and exposed edges of insulation. Breaks or joints in the air barrier are sealed. Air permeable insulation is not used as a sealing material.
Table R402.1.2 Insulation and Fenestration Requirements – meet or exceed the insulation levels listed in this table.
Table R402.4.1.1 Air Barrier and Insulation Installation, Garage separation: Air sealing is installed between the garage and conditioned spaces. Table R402.4.1.1, General requirements: A continuous air barrier is installed in the building envelope including rim joists and exposed edges of insulation. Breaks or joints in the air barrier are sealed. Air permeable insulation is not used as a sealing material.
Section R402.4.1.2 Testing. The building should be tested for air leakage in accordance with ASTM E 779 or E 1827 (or RESNET/ICC 380 in 2018 IECC) and should have an air leakage rate of ≤ 5 in CZ 1 and 2 or ≤ 3 in CZ 3-8.
Retrofit: 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, and 2021 IECC
Section R101.4.3 (in 2009 and 2012). Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs shall conform to the provisions of this code, without requiring the unaltered portions of the existing building to comply with this code. (See code for additional requirements and exceptions.)
Chapter 5 (in 2015, 2018, 2021). The provisions of this chapter shall control the alteration, repair, addition, and change of occupancy of existing buildings and structures.
2009 International Residential Code (IRC)
Table N1102.4.2 Air Barrier and Insulation Inspection Component Criteria, Garage separation: Air sealing is installed between the garage and conditioned spaces. Table N1102.4.2, Air barrier and thermal barrier: Exterior wall insulation is installed in substantial contact and continuous alignment with the air barrier. Air permeable insulation is not used as a sealing material.
Table N1102.4.1.1 Air Barrier and Insulation Installation, Garage separation: Air sealing is installed between the garage and conditioned spaces. Table N1102.4.1.1, Air barrier and thermal barrier: A continuous air barrier is installed in the building envelope including rim joists and exposed edges of insulation. Breaks or joints in the air barrier are sealed. Air permeable insulation is not used as a sealing material.
Table N1102.4.1.1 Air Barrier and Insulation Installation, Garage separation: Air sealing is installed between the garage and conditioned spaces. Table N1102.4.1.1, General requirements: A continuous air barrier is installed in the building envelope including rim joists and exposed edges of insulation. Breaks or joints in the air barrier are sealed. Air permeable insulation is not used as a sealing material.
Retrofit: 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, and 2021 IRC
Section R102.7.1 Additions, alterations, or repairs. Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs shall conform to the provisions of this code, without requiring the unaltered portions of the existing building to comply with the requirements of this code, unless otherwise stated. (See code for additional requirements and exceptions.)
Appendix J regulates the repair, renovation, alteration, and reconstruction of existing buildings and is intended to encourage their continued safe use.
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Fully Aligned Air Barriers = Whole-House Draft Barrier
A whole-house draft barrier is a continuous layer of air-tight materials that block air leaks. This barrier can be integrated with other materials to also function as a water barrier, thermal barrier, and vapor barrier. For example, rigid foam insulation can be used to block thermal flow as well as air flow when seams are sealed with tape, caulk, adhesives, or liquid-applied sealants. Some rigid foams have an integrated water control layer as well. Additionally, drywall can serve as an interior air barrier when the seams are taped and spackled, and caulk, spray foam, or gaskets are used to seal around wiring, plumbing, and other penetrations. It also serves as the vapor barrier when finished with paint. Insulation should be in full contact with the air barrier layer.
Sales Message
Whole-house draft barriers block air flow that can undermine the thermal protection with a complete high-performance insulation system. What this means to you is less wasted energy along with enhanced comfort, quiet, and durability. Wouldn’t you agree it would be a shame to only get a partial return on your investment in advanced insulation?