Skip to main content

Attic Knee Walls

    Scope
    Scope Images
    Image
    Install an air barrier on the exterior of attic knee wall insulation and to block open floor joist cavities under attic knee walls.
    Scope

    Install an air barrier on the exterior of attic knee wall insulation and to block open floor joist cavities under attic knee walls.

    • Install a top and bottom plate or blocking at the top and bottom of all knee wall cavities.
    • Install insulation without misalignments, compressions, gaps, or voids in all knee wall cavities.
    • Install a continuous air barrier on the exterior side of the attic knee wall framing with a rigid air barrier or other supporting material to prevent the knee wall cavity insulation from sagging and to create a continuous thermal barrier. Rigid air barrier material could include rigid foam insulation, drywall, plywood, or OSB, among others.
    • Seal all seams, gaps, and holes in the air barrier with caulk or foam. 
    • If spray foam insulation is used for the wall cavity insulation, the spray foam can serve as the air barrier if it is at least 5.5 inches thick if open-cell or at least 1.5 inches thick if closed-cell spray foam insulation.  
    • Install blocking in the joist bays below the knee walls to prevent air flow under the knee walls. 

    See the Compliance Tab for related codes and standards requirements, and criteria to meet national programs such as DOE’s Zero Energy Ready Home program, ENERGY STAR STAR Single-Family New Homes, and Indoor airPLUS.

    Description
    Description

    Knee walls, the walls that separate conditioned from unconditioned space in an attic, can be a source of significant air leakage if a continuous air barrier is not provided to prevent unconditioned air from flowing under the knee wall and under the floor boards of the attic room. There are two ways to block off this air flow: 1) a continuous air barrier can be installed on the exterior of the kneewall framing from the top of the knee wall down to the attic floor, including the spaces between the attic floor joists from the bottom of the knee wall to the ceiling deck below, or 2) a continuous air barrier can be installed along the underside of the attic roofline from the top of the knee wall to the top plate of the home’s exterior wall. With either method, the air barrier should be installed before installing attic floor insulation in the unconditioned portion of the attic.

    An air barrier is defined as any durable, solid material that blocks air flow between conditioned space and unconditioned space, including necessary sealing to block excessive air flow at edges and seams and adequate support to resist positive and negative pressures without displacement or damage (ENERGY STAR). Air barrier material can include thin sheet goods such as rigid insulation, dry wall, OSB, plywood, or rolled batt insulation that is covered with spray foam. These materials may be installed by insulators, framers, or drywallers. This task should be included in the contract for the appropriate trade depending on the workflow at the specific job site.

    Air barrier effectiveness is measured at the whole-house level. High-performance branding programs and the 2009 IECC require that builders meet specified infiltration rates at the whole-house level. See the Compliance tab for these specified infiltration rates.

    How to Air Seal Knee Walls along the Roofline

    1. Insulate and air seal the ceiling of the attic room.
    2. Continue the insulation along the roofline to the roof edge (Figure 1).
    3. Cover the insulation with a sheet material (drywall or rigid foam insulation) that is caulked where it meets the plywood floor sheathing, which is extended to the outside wall.
    one way to air seal and insulate kneewalls – add insulation and a rigid air barrier along roof line of unconditioned attic space outside kneewall
    Figure 1. One way to air seal and insulate kneewalls – add insulation and a rigid air barrier along roof line of unconditioned attic space outside kneewall (Source: Technology Fact Sheet - Air Sealing 1999). 

    How to Insulate and Air Seal Floor Joist Cavities under Knee Walls

    Step 1a: Insert solid wood blocking or rigid foam board in the floor joist cavity openings under the kneewall (Figure 2). Seal the edges with a continuous bead of caulk or foam sealant.

    Air seal floor joist cavities under kneewall with rigid foam, plywood or OSB caulked in place
    Figure 2. Air seal floor joist cavities under kneewalls with rigid foam, plywood, or OSB caulked in place (Source: Courtesy of Building Science Corporation). 

    -OR-

    Step 1b: Stuff Floor joist cavities with rolls of fiberglass batt and cover them with spray foam to the edges (Figure 3).

    Stuff cavities under kneewalls with rolls of fiberglass batt and spray foam in place
    Figure 3. Stuff cavities under kneewalls with rolls of fiberglass batt and spray foam in place (Source: Courtesy of Building Science Corporation). 

    Step 2: Apply caulk to the exterior face of the framing of the top plate, bottom plate, and framing at each side of the kneewall. Install rigid foam or another solid air barrier over the knee wall framing (Figure 4). Seal any seams in the rigid barrier with tape or caulk.

    Step 3: Fill the attic floor joist bays with insulation (batt, blown, or spray foam) to meet or exceed the code minimum R-value (Figure 4).

     

    Cover insulated kneewall with rigid foam, caulked at edges. Add attic floor insulation
    Figure 4. Cover insulated kneewall with rigid foam, caulked at edges; add attic floor insulation (Source: Courtesy of Building Science Corporation). 

     

    Success
    Ensuring Success

    Blower door testing, conducted as part of whole-house energy performance testing, may help indicate whether air leakage at knee walls has been successfully sealed. An infrared camera and/or visual inspection may also be used to determine locations of air leakage at the knee wall.

    Climate
    Climate

    Colder climates will increase the potential for heat loss and air leakage, and the impacts of that heat loss, if the attic knee walls are not properly insulated and air sealed.  Heat loss into the attic can warm the underside of the roof deck which can contribute to snow melt and ice dam formation. Significant air leakage from the house into the attic increases the potential for condensation and frost formation in the attic, if warmer vapor-laden conditioned air is allowed to escape into a wintertime attic with cold surfaces.

    The map in Figure 1 shows the climate zones for states that have adopted energy codes equivalent to the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) 2009, 12, 15, and 18. The map in Figure 2 shows the climate zones for states that have adopted energy codes equivalent to the IECC 2021. Climate zone-specific requirements specified in the IECC are shown in the Compliance Tab of this guide. 

     

    IECC climate zone map
    Figure 1. Climate Zone Map from IECC 2009, 12, 15, and 18 (Source: 2021 IECC).

     

    Climate Zone Map from IECC 2021.
    Figure 2. Climate Zone Map from IECC 2021 (Source: 2021 IECC).

     

    Training
    Right and Wrong Images
    Image
    Wrong – No top plate installed
    Wrong – No top plate installed
    Image
    Right – Top and bottom plates installed prior to backing and insulation
    Right – Top and bottom plates installed prior to backing and insulation
    Image
    Wrong – No rigid backing on knee wall
    Wrong – No rigid backing on knee wall
    Image
    Right – Rigid backing installed prior to insulation
    Right – Rigid backing installed prior to insulation
    Image
    Wrong – Backing not air sealed prior to insulation
    Wrong – Backing not air sealed prior to insulation
    Image
    Right – Backing air sealed prior to insulation
    Right – Backing air sealed prior to insulation
    Image
    Wrong – Improperly installed insulation and no rigid backing
    Wrong – Improperly installed insulation and no rigid backing
    Image
    Right – Properly insulated, backed, and air sealed knee wall
    Right – Properly insulated, backed, and air sealed knee wall
    Image
    Blocking has been applied between rafters to ensure foam does not fill the soffits.
    Blocking has been applied between rafters to ensure foam does not fill the soffits.
    Image
    Attic knee walls are insulated with rigid foam and sealed with spray foam to help form a continuous draft barrier around attic rooms.
    Attic knee walls are insulated with rigid foam and sealed with spray foam to help form a continuous draft barrier around attic rooms.
    Image
    Right – This attic knee wall and the floor joist cavity openings beneath it are being sealed and insulated with spray foam
    Right – This attic knee wall and the floor joist cavity openings beneath it are being sealed and insulated with spray foam
    Image
    Right – Open-cell spray foam fills the attic floor joists.
    Right – Open-cell spray foam fills the attic floor joists.
    Videos
    CAD
    CAD Files
    Conceptual insulation at cape-style roof - ceiling and knee wall cavity insulation
    Conceptual insulation at cape-style roof - ceiling and knee wall cavity insulation
    Download: DWG PDF
    Conceptual insulation at cape-style roof - roof cavity insulation with rigid insulation closure
    Conceptual insulation at cape-style roof - roof cavity insulation with rigid insulation closure
    Download: DWG PDF
    Compliance

    Compliance

    The Compliance tab contains both program and code information. Code language is excerpted and summarized below. For exact code language, refer to the applicable code, which may require purchase from the publisher. While we continually update our database, links may have changed since posting. Please contact our webmaster if you find broken links.

     

    ENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes, Version 3/3.1 (Rev. 11)

    National Rater Field Checklist

    Thermal Enclosure System.
    2. Fully-Aligned Air Barriers.7 At each insulated location below, a complete air barrier is provided that is fully aligned as follows:
    Walls: At exterior vertical surface of wall insulation in all climate zones; also at interior vertical surface of wall insulation in Climate Zones 4-8.9
    2.3 Attic knee walls and skylight shaft walls.10

    Footnote 7) For purposes of this Checklist, an air barrier is defined as any durable solid material that blocks air flow between conditioned space and unconditioned space, including necessary sealing to block excessive air flow at edges and seams and adequate support to resist positive and negative pressures without displacement or damage. EPA recommends, but does not require, rigid air barriers. Open-cell or closed-cell foam shall have a finished thickness ≥ 5.5 in. or 1.5 in., respectively, to qualify as an air barrier unless the manufacturer indicates otherwise. If flexible air barriers such as house wrap are used, they shall be fully sealed at all seams and edges and supported using fasteners with caps or heads ≥ 1 in. diameter unless otherwise indicated by the manufacturer. Flexible air barriers shall not be made of kraft paper, paper-based products, or other materials that are easily torn. If polyethylene is used, its thickness shall be ≥ 6 mil.

    Footnote 9) All insulated vertical surfaces are considered walls (e.g., above and below grade exterior walls, knee walls) and must meet the air barrier requirements for walls. The following exceptions apply: air barriers recommended, but not required, in adiabatic walls in multifamily dwellings; and, in Climate Zones 4 through 8, an air barrier at the interior vertical surface of insulation is recommended but not required in basement walls or crawlspace walls. For the purpose of these exceptions, a basement or crawlspace is a space for which ≥ 40% of the total gross wall area is below-grade.

    Footnote 10) Exterior air barriers are not required for attic knee walls that are ≤ 24 in. in height if an interior air barrier is provided and insulation extends in all directions from the top of this interior air barrier into unconditioned space at the following levels: CZ 1-5: ≥ R-21; CZ 6-8: ≥ R-30.

    Please see the ENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes Implementation Timeline for the program version and revision currently applicable in your state.

     

    DOE Zero Energy Ready Home (Revision 07)

    Exhibit 1 Mandatory Requirements.
    Exhibit 1, Item 1) Certified under the ENERGY STAR Qualified Homes Program or the ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction Program. 
    Exhibit 1, Item 2) Ceiling, wall, floor, and slab insulation shall meet or exceed 2015 IECC levels and achieve Grade 1 installation, per RESNET standards. See the guide 2015 IECC Code Level Insulation – DOE Zero Energy Ready Home Requirements for more details.

    Exhibit 2 DOE Zero Energy Ready Home Target Home.
    The U.S. Department of Energy’s Zero Energy Ready Home program allows builders to choose a prescriptive or performance path. The DOE Zero Energy Ready Home prescriptive path requires builders to meet or exceed the minimum HVAC efficiencies listed in Exhibit 2 of the National Program Requirements (Rev 07), as shown below. The DOE Zero Energy Ready Home performance path allows builders to select a custom combination of measures for each home that is equivalent in performance to the minimum HERS index of a modeled target home that meets the requirements of Exhibit 2 as well as the mandatory requirements of Zero Energy Ready Home Exhibit 1.

    Exhibit 2, Insulation and Infiltration) Whole house leakage must be tested and meet the following infiltration limits:

    • Zones 1-2: ≤ 3 ACH50;
    • Zones 3-4: ≤ 2.5 ACH50;
    • Zones 5-7: ≤ 2 ACH50;
    • Zone 8: ≤ 1.5 ACH50;
    • Attached dwellings: ≤ 3 ACH50.

    Footnote 12) Building envelope assemblies, including exterior walls and unvented attic assemblies (where used), shall comply with the relevant vapor retarder provisions of the 2015 International Residential Code (IRC).
    Footnote 23) Envelope leakage shall be determined by an approved verifier using a RESNET-approved testing protocol.

     

    American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) E1677-11  

    Standard Specification for Air Barrier (AB) Material or System for Low-Rise Framed Building Walls. This specification covers minimum performances and specification criteria for an air barrier material or system for framed, opaque walls of low-rise buildings. The provisions are intended to allow the user to design the wall performance criteria and increase air barrier specifications for a particular climate location, function, or design.

     

    Air Barrier Association of America (ABAA) 07261

    Self-Adhered Sheet Air Barrier. 2006. Air Barrier Association of America, Walpole, MA. This specification for self-adhered sheet air barriers is developed by a professional association, the Air Barrier Association of America, to provide guidance to the design professional.

    ABAA 07262

    Fluid-Applied Air and Vapor Barrier. 2012. Air Barrier Association of America, Walpole, MA. This specification for air barriers that are fluid-applied and also act as vapor barriers is developed by a professional association, the Air Barrier Association of America, to provide guidance to the design professional.

    ABAA 07263

    Closed Cell, Medium-Density Spray Polyurethane Foam Air Barrier. 2011. Air Barrier Association of America, Walpole, MA. This specification for closed cell, medium-density spray polyurethane foam air barriers is developed by a professional association, the Air Barrier Association of America, to provide guidance to the design professional.

    ABAA 07265

    Fluid-Applied Vapor Permeable Air Barrier. 2012. Air Barrier Association of America, Walpole, MA. This specification for fluid-applied vapor permeable air barriers is developed by a professional association, the Air Barrier Association of America, to provide guidance to the design professional.

     

    2009-2021 IECC and IRC Insulation Requirements Table

    The minimum insulation requirements for ceilings, walls, floors, and foundations in new homes, as listed in the 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, and 2021 IECC and IRC, can be found in this table

     

    2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)

    Table R402.1.1 Insulation and Fenestration Requirements – meet or exceed the insulation levels listed in this table.

    Table 402.4.2 Air Barrier and Insulation Inspection Component Criteria. Walls: Insulation in exterior framed walls is in substantial contact and continuous alignment with the air barrier. Table 402.4.2, Air barrier and thermal barrier: Air permeable insulation is not used as a sealing material.

    Section 402.4.1, Building thermal envelope. Knee walls to be sealed. Section R402.4.2 Air sealing and insulation is demonstrated by testing or visual inspection. Testing. The building should be tested for air leakage should have an air leakage rate of ≤ 7 at rough-in.

    2012 IECC

    Table R402.1.1 Insulation and Fenestration Requirements – meet or exceed the insulation levels listed in this table.

    Table R402.4.1.1 Air Barrier and Insulation Installation. Walls: Insulation in exterior framed walls is in substantial contact and continuous alignment with the air barrier. Table R402.4.1.1, Air barrier and thermal barrier: A continuous air barrier is installed in the building envelope. The exterior thermal envelope contains a continuous air barrier. Breaks or joints in the air barrier are sealed. Air permeable insulation is not used as a sealing material.

    Section R402.4.1.2 Testing.  The building should be tested for air leakage and should have an air leakage rate of ≤ 5 in CZ 1 and 2 or ≤ 3 in CZ 3-8.

    20152018, and 2021 IECC

    Table R402.1.2 Insulation and Fenestration Requirements – meet or exceed the insulation levels listed in this table.

    Table R402.4.1.1 Air Barrier and Insulation Installation, Ceiling/attic: Access openings, drop down stairs, and knee wall doors to unconditioned attic spaces are sealed. Walls: Insulation in exterior framed walls is in substantial contact and continuous alignment with the air barrier. Knee walls shall be sealed. General requirements: A continuous air barrier is installed in the building envelope; breaks and joints in the air barrier are sealed. Air-permeable insulation is not used as an air-sealing material.

    Section R402.4.1.2 Testing.  The building should be tested for air leakage in accordance with ASTM E 779 or E 1827 (or RESNET/ICC 380 for 2018 IECC) and should have an air leakage rate of ≤ 5 in CZ 1 and 2 or ≤ 3 in CZ 3-8. In the 2021 IRC, requirements are ≤ 5 air changes per hour or ≤ 0.28 cfm for any building or dwelling unit.

    Retrofit:  2009, 2012, 2015, 2018,  and 2021 IECC

    Section R101.4.3 (in 2009 and 2012). Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs shall conform to the provisions of this code, without requiring the unaltered portions of the existing building to comply with this code. (See code for additional requirements and exceptions.)

    Chapter 5 (in 2015, 2018, 2020). The provisions of this chapter shall control the alteration, repair, addition, and change of occupancy of existing buildings and structures.

     

    2009 International Residential Code (IRC)

    Section N1102.4.1, Building thermal envelope. Knee walls to be sealed. Table N1102.4.2 Air Barrier and Insulation Inspection Component Criteria, Walls: Insulation in exterior framed walls is in substantial contact and continuous alignment with the air barrier. Table N1102.4.2, Air barrier and thermal barrier: Air-permeable insulation is not used as a sealing material.

    2012 IRC

    Table N1102.4.1.1 Air Barrier and Insulation Installation, Walls: Knee walls to be sealed. Table N1102.4.1.1, Air barrier and thermal barrier: A continuous air barrier is installed in the building envelope including rim joists and exposed edges of insulation. Breaks or joints in the air barrier are sealed. Air permeable insulation is not used as a sealing material.

    20152018 IRC, and 2021 IRC

    Table N1102.4.1.1 Air Barrier and Insulation Installation, Ceiling/attic: Air barrier in any dropped ceiling/soffit is substantially aligned with insulation and any gaps are sealed. Access openings, drop down stairs, and knee wall doors to unconditioned attic spaces are sealed. Walls: Insulation in exterior framed walls is in substantial contact and continuous alignment with the air barrier. Knee walls shall be sealed. General requirements: A continuous air barrier is installed in the building envelope; breaks and joints in the air barrier are sealed. Air-permeable insulation is not used as an air-sealing material.

    Section R805.6 discusses vapor retarder and insulation requirements for unvented attics and unvented enclosed rafter assemblies in cold climates.

    Table R806.5 (R806.4 in 2009 IRC) specifies roof-ceiling insulation requirements for condensation control based on climate zone.

    Retrofit:  2009, 2012, 2015, 2018,  and 2021 IRC

    Section R102.7.1 Additions, alterations, or repairs. Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs shall conform to the provisions of this code, without requiring the unaltered portions of the existing building to comply with the requirements of this code, unless otherwise stated. (See code for additional requirements and exceptions.)

    Appendix J regulates the repair, renovation, alteration, and reconstruction of existing buildings and is intended to encourage their continued safe use.

    More

    More Info.

    Access to some references may require purchase from the publisher. While we continually update our database, links may have changed since posting. Please contact our webmaster if you find broken links.

    Case Studies
    References and Resources*
    Author(s)
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
    Organization(s)
    EPA
    Publication Date
    Description
    Guide describing details that serve as a visual reference for each of the line items in the Thermal Enclosure System Rater Checklist.
    *For non-dated media, such as websites, the date listed is the date accessed.
    Contributors to this Guide

    The following authors and organizations contributed to the content in this Guide.

    Sales
    Building Science Measures
    Building Science-to-Sales Translator

    Fully Aligned Air Barriers = Whole-House Draft Barrier

    Image(s)
    Technical Description

    A whole-house draft barrier is a continuous layer of air-tight materials that block air leaks. This barrier can be integrated with other materials to also function as a water barrier, thermal barrier, and vapor barrier. For example, rigid foam insulation can be used to block thermal flow as well as air flow when seams are sealed with tape, caulk, adhesives, or liquid-applied sealants. Some rigid foams have an integrated water control layer as well. Additionally, drywall can serve as an interior air barrier when the seams are taped and spackled, and caulk, spray foam, or gaskets are used to seal around wiring, plumbing, and other penetrations. It also serves as the vapor barrier when finished with paint. Insulation should be in full contact with the air barrier layer.

    Whole-House Draft Barrier
    Sales Message

    Whole-house draft barriers block air flow that can undermine the thermal protection with a complete high-performance insulation system. What this means to you is less wasted energy along with enhanced comfort, quiet, and durability. Wouldn’t you agree it would be a shame to only get a partial return on your investment in advanced insulation?

    Last Updated

    Mobile Field Kit

    The Building America Field Kit allows you to save items to your profile for review or use on-site.

    Sign Up  or  Log In

    Did you find this information helpful?

    If you have questions and/or would like a reply to this feedback, please include your e-mail address in the message.
    This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.