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Air Sealing Doors Adjacent to Unconditioned Space

    Scope
    Scope Images
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    Air seal exterior doors to minimize air leakage.
    Scope

    Air seal doors adjacent to unconditioned space (e.g., outdoors, garages, vented attics, unconditioned basements, cellars, crawlspaces) to minimize air leakage and water intrusion. Weather stripping and sealants (e.g., gaskets, caulk, fire-retardant caulk, etc.) should be compatible with all adjoining surfaces and meet the fire and air barrier specifications according to code. 

    • Install a continuous gasket, such as weather stripping, around the interior perimeter of the door frame.
    • Select an automatic closing door that is metal or fiberglass with an insulated foam-core and an ENERGY STAR rating if possible.
    • Air seal the rough opening around the door with foam backer rod, non-expanding spray foam, and/or caulk.
    • Flash around the exterior of the door frame with adhesive or liquid-applied waterproof flashing.
    • Install a tight-fitting door sweep along the bottom of the door.

    See the Compliance Tab for related codes and standards requirements, and criteria to meet national programs such as DOE’s Zero Energy Ready Home program, ENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes, and Indoor airPLUS.

    Description
    Description

    Exterior doorways are essentially large holes in the exterior shell of the home connecting the indoors to the outdoors or to other unconditioned spaces like garages, attics, and porches. Doors adjacent to unconditioned spaces should be treated the same way as exterior doors and are required to meet the same code requirements as exterior doors. With proper installation and air sealing, exterior doors do not have to represent a significant source of air leakage and heat loss.  Exterior doors are usually sold as a kit with the frame attached. Insulated foam-core, metal or fiberglass ENERGY STAR doors are available and should be selected if possible. When the exterior door is installed in a new house, the rough opening (the space left for the door) is typically 1.5 to 2 inches larger than the door frame to give the installer room to install, plumb, and square the door. Once the door is set in place, some installers will stuff batt insulation into any gaps remaining in the rough opening around the frame. This fiber insulation may provide some insulation value but will not stop airflow. The rough opening should be filled with non-expanding foam or backer rod (a rod-shaped closed-cell foam product) and caulk. On the exterior, the door should be flashed with a fluid-applied or self-adhesive waterproof flashing that is properly integrated with the wall drainage plane and vapor barrier materials before siding is installed. The door frame should be weather stripped and a tight-fitting door sweep should be installed along the bottom of the door.

    Air and water leaks around doors during high wind events can contribute to building failures; see the Climate tab for more information.

    Air sealing could be done by the framer, the insulation contractor, or the contractor who installs the door. This task should be included in the contract for the appropriate trade depending on the workflow at the specific job site.

    How to Air Seal Exterior Doors

    1. Select doors that are self-closing and fire-rated; consider ENERGY STAR-labeled metal- or fiberglass-clad insulated foam core doors.      
    2. Install the door per the manufacturer’s instructions. Install an automatic door closer. Fill the rough opening around the door with non-expanding foam or press backer rod into the wider gaps and seal the seams with caulk. Flash the door frame with adhesive waterproof flashing that is properly integrated with the wall sheathing and house wrap.
    3. Install appropriate weather stripping to the door frame and threshold. See the table below for types. To determine how much weather-stripping you will need, add the perimeters of all the doors to be weather-stripped, then add 5% to 10% to accommodate any waste. Weather-stripping should be applied to clean, dry surfaces in temperatures above 20°F (-7° C). Make sure the weather-stripping meets tightly at the corners. Use a thickness that causes the weather-stripping to press tightly between the door and the door jamb when the door closes, without making it difficult to shut.
    Air seal door and window rough openings with backer rod, caulk, or nonexpanding foam.
    Figure 1. Air seal door and window rough openings with backer rod, caulk,
        or nonexpanding foam (Source: Courtesy of PNNL).

     

    Install an ENERGY STAR-labeled door with an automatic closer. Weather strip the door frame.
    Figure 2. Install an ENERGY STAR-labeled door with an automatic closer.
    Weather strip the door frame (Source: Courtesy of PNNL).

     

    Table 1. Types of Weather-stripping (Source: DOE 2012).
    Weather-stripping Best Uses Cost Advantages Disadvantages
    Tension seal:

    Self-stick plastic (vinyl) folded along length in a V-shape or a springy bronze strip (also copper, aluminum, and stainless steel) shaped to bridge a gap. The shape of the material creates a seal by pressing against the sides of a crack to block drafts.

    Inside the track of a double-hung or sliding window, top and sides of door. Varies Durable, invisible when in place, very effective. Vinyl is fairly easy to install. Look of bronze works well for older homes. Surfaces must be flat and smooth for vinyl. Can be difficult to install, as corners must be snug. Bronze must be nailed in place (every three inches or so) so as not to bend or wrinkle. Can increase resistance in opening/closing doors or windows. Self-adhesive vinyl available. Some manufacturers include extra strip for door striker plate.
    Felt:

    Plain or reinforced with a flexible metal strip; sold in rolls. Must be stapled, glued, or tacked into place. Seals best if staples are parallel to length of the strip.

    Around a door or window (reinforced felt); fitted into a door jamb so the door presses against it. Low Easy to install, inexpensive. Low durability; least effective at preventing airflow. Do not use where exposed to moisture or where there is friction or abrasion. All-wool felt is more durable and more expensive. Very visible.
    Reinforced foam:

    Closed-cell foam attached to wood or metal strips.

    Door or window stops; bottom or top of window sash; bottom of door.  

    Low

    Effective sealer, scored well in wind tests, rigid. Can be difficult to install; must be sawed, nailed, and painted. Very visible. Manufacturing process produces greenhouse gas emissions.
    Tape:

    Nonporous, closed-cell foam, open-cell foam, or EDPM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubber.

    Top and bottom of window sash; door frames; attic hatches and inoperable windows. Good for blocking corners and irregular cracks. Low. Extremely easy to install, works well when compressed, inexpensive. Can be reinforced with staples. Durability varies with material used, but not especially high for all; use where little wear is expected; visible.
    Rolled or reinforced vinyl:

    Pliable or rigid strip gasket (attached to wood or metal strips.)

    Door or window stops; top or bottom of window sash; bottom of a door (rigid strip only). Low-Mod. Easy installation, low to moderate cost. Self-adhesive on pliable vinyl may not adhere to metal; some types of rigid strip gaskets provide slot holes to adjust height, increasing durability. Comes in varying colors to help with visibility. Visible.
    Door sweep:

    Aluminum or stainless steel with brush of plastic, vinyl, sponge, or felt.

    Bottom of interior side of in-swinging door; bottom of exterior side of exterior-swinging door. Mod- high. Relatively easy to install; many types are adjustable for uneven threshold. Automatically retracting sweeps also available, which reduce drag on carpet and increase durability. Visible. Can drag on carpet. Automatic sweeps are more expensive and can require a small pause once door is unlatched before retracting.
    Magnetic:

    Works similarly to refrigerator gaskets.

    Top and sides of doors, double-hung and sliding window channels. High Very effective air sealer.  
    Tubular rubber and vinyl:

    Vinyl or sponge rubber tubes with a flange along length to staple or tack into place. Door or window presses against them to form a seal.

    Around a door. Mod- high. Effective air barrier. Self-stick versions challenging to install.
    Reinforced silicone:

    Tubular gasket attached to a metal strip that resembles reinforced tubular vinyl

    On a doorjamb or a window stop. Mod- high. Seals well. Installation can be tricky. Hacksaw required to cut metal; butting corners pose a challenge.
    Door shoe:

    Aluminum face attachment with vinyl C-shaped insert to protect under the door.

    To seal space beneath door. Mod- high. Sheds rain on the exterior, durable. Can be used with uneven opening. Some door shoes have replaceable vinyl inserts. Fairly expensive; installation moderately difficult. May require door bottom planing.
    Bulb threshold:

    Vinyl and aluminum

    Door thresholds. Mod- high. Combination threshold and weatherstrip; available in different heights. Wears from foot traffic; relatively expensive.
    "Frost-brake" threshold:

    Aluminum or other metal on exterior, wood on interior, with door-bottom seam and vinyl threshold replacement.

    To seal beneath a door. Mod- high. The use of different materials means less cold transfer. Effective. Moderately difficult to install, involves threshold replacement.
    Fin seal: 

    Pile weatherstrip with plastic Mylar fin centered in pile.

    For aluminum sliding windows and sliding glass doors. Mod- high. Very durable. Can be difficult to install.
    Interlocking metal channels:

    Enables sash to engage one another when closed

    Around door perimeters. High. Exceptional weather seal. Very difficult to install as alignment is critical. To be installed by a professional only.
    Success
    Ensuring Success

    Visually inspect exterior doors to see that weather stripping has been installed and that doors fit snugly with no air movement around perimeter or along trim when the door is closed. Verify that doors open freely with no drag on the threshold. Visually inspect that the rough openings around door frames are air sealed before the drywall or door trim is installed. Check for air movement around the closed door and door trim with a smoke pencil or hand. Leaks will be easier to detect during a blower door test.

    Climate
    Climate

    Hurricane and High Wind Zones

    In high wind- and hurricane-prone areas, here is a summary of steps that can be taken to improve the storm resistance of exterior doors, based on the detailed information provided below and in the cited documents by FEMA and others:

    • All exterior doors on homes in hurricane areas should be pressure and impact rated or protected by a system that is pressure and impact rated, according to the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS 2019).
    • Doors should be properly flashed, weather stripped, air sealed, and set in pan flashings designed to resist the entry of wind and wind-driven rain.
    • For increased disaster resistance in coastal and high wind areas, install exterior doors to swing outward rather than inward. Weather stripping should be installed on the interior side of the door to minimize decay.
    • Consider designing the home’s entry with a vestibule or double-doored entry. Construct the entry with durable water-resistant flooring.
    • Install water-resistant flooring at all entryways.
    • Doors, door framing, and door hardware should be made of water-resistant, corrosion-resistant materials.
    • Exterior doors should meet U-factor requirements for the home's climate zone, as required by local building codes. Please see the Compliance Tab for more information.
    • See FEMA P-499 “Technical Fact Sheet No. 6.1: "Window and Door Installation” for best-practice approaches that can be taken to reduce water infiltration. Pan flashing, weather stripping, and threshold seals are discussed. The Solution Center guide “Windows and Doors are Fully Flashed” and the “Tech Note: Window and Door Flashing: Code Requirements and Best Practices” by Home Innovation Research Labs provide additional detailed instructions for installing window and door flashing.

    In all areas where buildings are constructed, windows and doors tend to be more vulnerable to damage than other portions of a building's envelope. In coastal areas where high winds, windborne debris, and wind-driven rain are common and often intense their vulnerabilities are more pronounced (FEMA P-762 2009). Air leaks around doors can allow in wind during high-wind events, contributing to an increase or decrease in internal pressures that can contribute to building failures (FEMA P-762 2009). Flashing is required by the IRC Section R703.8 to prevent moisture from entering the wall system.

    Water leakage around windows and doors is also quite common but because the effects of water leakage are often subtle, the full effects of water leakage are often not readily apparent. Water-resistant siding materials like vinyl and veneer can hide moisture damage in the sheathing caused by rainwater entry for years. Leakage or water entry, due to inadequate or improperly installed flashing, weather stripping, or weather-resistant barriers, can allow water to enter a building’s interior even when the structure of the window or door remains intact. Water intrusion can cause rot and fastener corrosion that can weaken the window or door frame or the wall framing itself. Leakage can also cause damage to interior finishes and facilitate mold growth (FEMA P-762 2009).

    Windows and doors can fail if they are not strong enough to resist wind pressures from a high-wind event or if forces exerted on the doors or windows exceed the strength of their anchorage. When strength is inadequate, the window or door’s glazing or frames fail; when anchorage is inadequate, the entire door or window unit can be torn from its mounting. As wind speeds increase due to storm strength in Category 2 or weak Category 3 levels, failures of these elements become more frequent. Wind pressure increases resulting from the failure of windows and doors can significantly increase (in some cases doubling) the wind forces working to blow the roof off or blow out exterior walls.

    The FEMA P-762 Local Officials Guide to Coastal Construction provides the following guidance on window and door leakage (excerpted). Hurricanes and coastal storms can pose significant problems from water-infiltration due to wind-driven rain. Leakage can occur between the door or window and their frames and between the door/window frames and the walls onto which they are mounted. Coastal storms such as tropical storms and hurricanes generate winds that may approach or exceed the wind speeds observed during design wind events. As such, these winds generate high-wind pressures on the outsides of the buildings, exploiting any vulnerability around doors and windows and allowing water to enter buildings.

    Further, leakage rates typically increase with greater wind speeds. While the amount of  water entry that can result from leakage around windows and doors will typically be much less than the amount of  water entry that can result from a breach in the building envelope, actions can and should be taken to help reduce leakage around doors and windows. These actions are often code-plus or best-practices approaches.

    Code Requirements for Window and Door Leakage - Proper door and window construction is critical to reducing water infiltration. Section R613.4 of the IRC and Section 1714.5.1 of the IBC require windows and sliding doors to be certified per AAMA/ WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440, Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Unit Skylights. Hinge doors must be certified per ASTM E330, Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights, and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference. Both standards specify wind-pressure and water-leakage criteria that must be met in order to comply with code requirements. In general, water-leakage tests are conducted at much lower differential pressures (typically 20 percent) than the pressures used to determine the strength of the glazing, window, or door assembly. This implies that some water entry through doors and windows should be anticipated during an event that produces design wind pressures and wind-driven rain.

    Reducing Window and Door Leakage - FEMA 499 Technical Fact Sheet No. 6.1: Window and Door Installation, provides some best-practices approaches that can be taken to reduce water infiltration. Pan flashing (i.e., flashing under window sills), weather stripping, and threshold seals are discussed. Other actions can be taken to reduce the potential for water entry. These include:

    Reducing Window and Door Leakage - FEMA 499 Technical Fact Sheet No. 6.1: Window and Door Installation, provides some best-practices approaches that can be taken to reduce water infiltration. Pan flashing (i.e., flashing under window sills), weather stripping, and threshold seals are discussed. Other actions can be taken to reduce the potential for water entry. These include:

    • Vestibules. Designing a vestibule, or double-doored entry, to protect a door entry is one method of managing water infiltration problems. Through this approach, both the inner and outer doors can be equipped with weather stripping, and the vestibule itself can be designed to tolerate water. For example, water-resistant finishes (e.g., concrete or tile) can be specified, and the floor can be equipped with a drain. As a result, a secondary layer of protection is provided for the primary entrance (via the vestibule and vestibule door).

    • Door swing. Out-swinging doors offer an advantage compared to in-swinging door assemblies. With out-swinging door assemblies, the weather stripping is located on the interior side of the door, where it is less susceptible to degradation than the exposed weather stripping on in-swinging door assemblies. Also, some interlocking weather-stripping products are available for out-swinging door assemblies that provide better performance than those used on in-swinging door assemblies.

    • Finish selection. One design approach to deal with leakage is to avoid running carpet (or other finishes that can be damaged by water) entirely to the edge of walls that contain a large amount of glazing. Instead, a strip of water-resistant material (such as tile) could be specified along the wall so if light to moderate leakage occurs, the potential for damage to interior finishes and contents is greatly reduced.

    Window and Door Assembly Capacities - Window and door assemblies must be strong enough to withstand wind pressures acting on them and be fastened securely enough to transfer those wind pressures to the adjacent wall. Pressure failures of doors or windows can allow glazing to fracture or glazing frames or supports to fail. Anchorage failures can allow entire door or window units to be ripped from their walls. Either type of failure results in the failure of the building envelope and allows wind and water into the building.

    Code Requirements for Strength and Anchorage - Both the International Residential Code (IRC) and the International Building Code (IBC) contain specific requirements for the wind resistance of windows and doors. Section R613.3 of the IRC requires that exterior windows and doors be designed to resist the wind pressures specified in Table R301.2(2). Table R301.2(2) lists positive and negative wind pressures for C&C for various locations within the building. Areas near roof and wall edges and areas near corners, where turbulence creates localized high wind pressures, must be designed for higher loads. Table R301.2(2) is based upon Exposure B conditions for buildings with a mean roof height of 30 feet or less. Table R301.2(2) pressures must be multiplied by factors listed in Table R301.2(3) for different mean roof heights and exposures.

    The IBC requirements are similar but are less prescriptive and more performance-based. While the IRC has tabulated wind pressures, Chapter 16 of the IBC specifies acceptable methods of calculating wind loads and (in Section 1603.1.4) requires that construction documents list wind pressures for C&C.

    IBC Section 1405.12, Exterior Windows and Doors, requires windows and doors to be tested in accordance with IBC Section 1714.5, which lists two methods of establishing wind resistance. Section 1714.5.1 allows doors and windows to be labeled per AAMA/WMDA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440; Section 1714.5.2 allows doors and windows to be tested per ASTM E330. The latter option has additional requirements regarding glass supports and framing that are outlined in Section 2403 and pressure ratings for Section 1714.5.2 are outlined in Chapter 16, the structural design chapter of the IBC.

    AAMA/WMDA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 lists design test pressures of 15, 25, 30, and 40 psf. Windows and doors used in areas where wind pressures are greater than 40 psf need to be tested per ASTM E330. For residential construction, local officials must ensure that products proposed are adequate to resist the C&C loads of Table R301.2(2). For engineered construction, the designer should specify wind pressures required for windows and doors and should base them on C&C loads from either Chapter 6 of ASCE 7-05 or Chapter 16 of the IBC.

    Section R613.8.1 of the IRC requires that windows and glass doors be anchored in accordance with published manufacturer’s recommendations. The manufacturer’s installation instructions should match those used when the units were tested and certified. Substitute anchorage systems are allowed if they provide equal or greater anchoring performance as demonstrated by accepted engineering practice.

    The IRC contains Figures R613.8(1) through R613.8(8) that provide minimum anchorage details. The details require windows and doors to be anchored in a fashion that adequately transfers loads from the windows and doors to the adjacent walls (the walls are called substrates in that code). When the space between the window or door frame and the wall’s rough opening is 1.5 inches or less, shims or bucks can be installed and fasteners can extend from the door or window frame to the wall. When the space is greater than 1.5 inches, the bucks need to be securely fastened to the wall and the door, or window frames need to be securely fastened to the bucks. This requirement limits the sheer length of fasteners to 1.5 inches and reduces the potential for bending failures in the fasteners. The IBC requirements are similar but do not provide the prescriptive details contained in the IRC. IBC Section 1405.12.1 requires windows and doors to be installed in accordance with approved manufacturer’s instructions.

    To minimize issues related to corrosion, the use of fiberglass or vinyl frames are recommended for buildings located within 3,000 feet of an ocean shoreline. The use of stainless steel frame anchors, fasteners, and hardware is also recommended within these areas.

    Pests

    In areas where severe termite or insect infestation problems exist (see termite infestation map), wood frames should either be treated or should be constructed with wood that is naturally insect- and rot-resistant. Shims and bucks should be pressure-treated. Since some pressure treatment increases the moisture content of framing, the use of material that is kiln dried after treatment is suggested to control shrinkage.

    In areas where insect infestation problems exist, metal door assemblies are recommended. If concrete, masonry, or metal wall construction is used to eliminate termite problems, wood used for blocking or bucks should be treated or naturally insect- and rot-resistant species of wood should be used (FEMA P-762 2009). 

    • Use solid-core doors where possible. Solid-core doors are more durable and do not have hidden recessed areas or cavities that could harbor pests.
    • In areas of high rodent pressure, install metal doors or fit external doors with 26-gauge sheet metal kick plates 12 inches tall and mounted no more than 1/4 inch from the bottom of the door.
    • Ensure that doors fit tightly with less than ¼ inch between the bottom of the door and the threshold. Use tight-fitting door sweeps if gaps are larger than 1/4 inch.
    • Install a door sweep – automatic door sweeps or bristle sweeps are preferable to rubber or plastic sweeps. Install door sweeps that touch the ground and go the entire length of the bottom of the door. If properly installed, the sweep will brush the ground, but not hold the door open (a fire hazard). In areas prone to rodent infestation, do not use vinyl sweeps. 
    • Equip exterior doors with self-closing devices.
    • Install screen doors with a heavy kick plate and durable frames to prevent warping and ensure a good seal from the outdoors.
    • Use weather-stripping on all exterior doors.
    • Install screens on all exterior windows that are able to open.
    • Weather strip all operable windows.
    • Install head flashing, side flashing, and sill pan flashing around all windows and doors.
    • Avoid planting shrubs or installing trellises near doorways. 

     

    Termite Infestation Probability Map, Adapted from the 2021 International Residential Code (IRC), Figure R301.2(7)
    Figure 1. Termite Infestation Probability Map, Adapted from the 2021 International Residential Code (IRC), Figure R301.2(7) (Source: Courtesy of PNNL). 

     

    Training
    Right and Wrong Images
    Image
    Wrong – There is visible light around the door because no weather stripping has been installed
    Wrong – There is visible light around the door because no weather stripping has been installed
    Image
    Right – Weather stripping has been installed and remains in contact once door is closed
    Right – Weather stripping has been installed and remains in contact once door is closed
    Image
    Right – This exterior door is installed to swing out and has storm protection shutters
    Right – This exterior door is installed to swing out and has storm protection shutters
    Image
    Right – Backer-rod is a foam product available in various diameters that can be used to air seal openings around doors and windows
    Right – Backer-rod is a foam product available in various diameters that can be used to air seal openings around doors and windows
    Image
    Right – Attic access door has foam and rubber weather stripping installed that remains in contact when closed
    Right – Attic access door has foam and rubber weather stripping installed that remains in contact when closed
    Image
    Wrong – Fibrous insulation is not an air barrier and cannot be used to air seal openings
    Wrong – Fibrous insulation is not an air barrier and cannot be used to air seal openings
    Videos
    Publication Date
    Author(s)
    Columbia Water and Light
    Organization(s)
    Columbia Water and Light
    Description
    Video from Columbia Water and Light on different types of weatherstripping and how to install them to properly air seal doors.
    Compliance

    Compliance

    The Compliance tab contains both program and code information. Code language is excerpted and summarized below. For exact code language, refer to the applicable code, which may require purchase from the publisher. While we continually update our database, links may have changed since posting. Please contact our webmaster if you find broken links.

     

    ENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes, Version 3/3.1 (Rev. 11)

    National Rater Field Checklist

    Thermal Enclosure System.
    4. Air Sealing (Unless otherwise noted below, “sealed” indicates the use of caulk, foam, or equivalent material). 
    4.9 Doors adjacent to unconditioned space (e.g., attics, garages, basements) or ambient conditions made substantially air-tight with weather-stripping or equivalent gasket.

    Please see the ENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes Implementation Timeline for the program version and revision currently applicable in your state.

     

    DOE Zero Energy Ready Home (Revision 07)

    Exhibit 1 Mandatory Requirements.
    Exhibit 1, Item 1) Certified under the ENERGY STAR Qualified Homes Program or the ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction Program.

     

    2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) 

    Table R402.4.2 Air Barrier and Insulation Inspection Component Criteria, Windows and doors: Seal space between window/door jambs and framing.

    R402.4.1 Air leakage, Building Thermal Envelope - The building thermal envelope should be constructed to limit air leakage.  Methods used to seal between dissimilar materials should allow for differential expansion and contraction.  Sources of infiltration (see listing below) should be caulked, gasketed, weather-stripped, or otherwise sealed with an air-barrier material, suitable film, or solid material: All joints, seams, and penetrations, Utility penetrations, Rim joist junction, Other sources of infiltration.

    2012, 20152018, and 2021 IECC

    Table R402.4.1.1Air Barrier and Insulation Installation, Windows, skylights and doors: Seal space between window/door jambs and framing and skylights and framing. Table R402.4.1.1 Air Barrier and Insulation Installation, Narrow cavities: Batts in narrow cavities are cut to fit; or narrow cavities are filled with insulation that readily fills the available cavity space. Continuous air barrier. Confirm that construction documents specify a continuous air barrier for the building components associated with the insulation of the exterior wall(s).  Breaks or joints in the air barrier should be sealed.  Air-permeable insulation should not be used as a sealing material.

    R402.4 Air Leakage.  The building thermal envelope should be constructed to limit air leakage.

    R402.4.1 Building Thermal Envelope.  Methods used to seal between dissimilar materials should allow for differential expansion and contraction.

    R402.4.1.1 Installation.  The components listed in the Air Barrier and Insulation Installation Table should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and the criteria listed as the applicable method of construction. 

    Section R402.4 specifies that the home should be constructed to limit air leakage and should be blower door tested to confirm air leakage is <5 ACH 50 in Climate Zones 1-2 and <3 in Climate Zones 3-8. Table R402.4.1.1 specifies the installation of a continuous air barrier and notes specific air barrier details.

    Retrofit:  2009, 2012, 2015, 2018,  and 2021 IECC

    Section R101.4.3 (in 2009 and 2012). Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs shall conform to the provisions of this code, without requiring the unaltered portions of the existing building to comply with this code. (See code for additional requirements and exceptions.)

    Chapter 5 (in 2015, 2018, 2021). The provisions of this chapter shall control the alteration, repair, addition, and change of occupancy of existing buildings and structures.

     

    2009 International Residential Code (IRC)

    Table N1102.4.2. Air Barrier and Insulation Inspection Component Criteria, Windows and doors: Seal space between window/door jambs and framing.

    N1102.4.1 Air leakage, Building Thermal Envelope - The building thermal envelope should be constructed to limit air leakage.  Methods used to seal between dissimilar materials should allow for differential expansion and contraction.  Sources of infiltration (see listing below) should be caulked, gasketed, weather-stripped, or otherwise sealed with an air-barrier material, suitable film, or solid material: All joints, seams, and penetrations, Utility penetrations, Rim joist junction, Other sources of infiltration.

    2012, 20152018, and 2021 IRC

    Table N1102.4.1.1.  Air Barrier and Insulation Installation, Windows, skylights and doors: Seal space between window/door jambs and framing and skylights and framing. Table R402.4.1.1 Air Barrier and Insulation Installation, Narrow cavities: Batts in narrow cavities are cut to fit; or narrow cavities are filled with insulation that readily fills the available cavity space. Continuous air barrier. Confirm that construction documents specify a continuous air barrier for the building components associated with the insulation of the exterior wall(s).  Breaks or joints in the air barrier should be sealed.  Air-permeable insulation should not be used as a sealing material.

    N1102.4 Air Leakage.  The building thermal envelope should be constructed to limit air leakage.

    N1102.4.1 Building Thermal Envelope.  Methods used to seal between dissimilar materials should allow for differential expansion and contraction.

    N1102.4.1.1 Installation.  The components listed in the Air Barrier and Insulation Installation Table should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and the criteria listed as the applicable method of construction. 

    Retrofit:  2009, 2012, 2015, 2018,  and 2021 IRC

    Section R102.7.1 Additions, alterations, or repairs. Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs shall conform to the provisions of this code, without requiring the unaltered portions of the existing building to comply with the requirements of this code, unless otherwise stated. (See code for additional requirements and exceptions.)

    Appendix J regulates the repair, renovation, alteration, and reconstruction of existing buildings and is intended to encourage their continued safe use.

     

    American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA)/ Window and Door Manufacturers Association (WDMA)/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440-08 North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for windows, doors, and sky lights (NAFS)

    North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Skylights. Available from AAMA. This is a voluntary standard/specification that covers requirements for the following components for new construction and retrofits: single and dual windows, single and dual side-hinged door systems, sliding doors, tubular daylighting devices, and unit skylights.

     

    American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) E2112-07 and ASTM E2112-19c

    Standard Practice for Installation of Exterior Windows, Doors and Skylights. Available from ASTM. The standard covers fenestration product installation from pre-installation through post-installation procedures in new and existing construction.

    Retrofit
    Existing Homes

    SCOPE

    In existing homes, air seal doors adjacent to unconditioned space (e.g., vented attics, garages, unconditioned basements, cellars, vented crawlspaces, outdoors) to minimize air leakage.   

    • Install a continuous gasket, such as weather stripping, around the interior perimeter of the door frame.
    • Install a tight-fitting door sweep along the bottom of the door.
    • Inspect for and repair any water damage or dry rot. If the existing door has a hollow core, consider replacing the door with an automatic closing door that is metal or fiberglass with an insulated foam core and has an ENERGY STAR rating.  Exterior door replacements must meet the code requirements under alterations for an exterior door replacement (see the Compliance tab for more information).  
    • Remove interior trim around the door, insulate and air seal the rough opening, then replace and caulk around trim.
    • If the remodeling scope includes removing exterior trim around the door, flash around the exterior of the door frame with adhesive or liquid-applied waterproof flashing that is integrated with house wrap before replacing trim.
    • For more information on conditions that may be encountered when working with doors adjacent to unconditioned spaces in existing homes, see the Pre-Retrofit Assessment of Walls, Windows, and Doors. Also see the U.S. Department of Energy’s Standard Work Specifications (SWS) guidance on air sealing doors to keep out moisture, air, and pests.  The SWS also describes practices to complete home upgrades safely without injury or hazardous exposure in the section on Global Worker Safety.

    DESCRIPTION

    How to Air Seal Doors Adjacent to Unconditioned Spaces in Existing Homes

    1. Inspect all the doors in the house that are adjacent to unconditioned spaces (e.g., outside, garage, cellar, crawl space, vented attic, etc.) for gaps between the door and the framing, for air leakage around the framing, and for signs of water damage or dry rot.
    2. Repair any water damage or dry rot to door, framing, or wall materials.
    3. Carefully remove the door trim, using a crow bar or nail remover to loosen and pull finishing nails around the trim. 
    4. Remove interior trim around the door, inspect the rough opening around the door; if it lacks air sealing and insulation or if it is only insulated with air-permeable batt insulation, remove the insulation and air seal the rough opening with foam-backer rod, non-expanding spray foam, or caulk; then re-install and caulk around trim.
    5. If the remodeling scope includes removing exterior trim around the door, inspect for and repair any water damage or dry rot; then flash around the exterior of the door frame with adhesive or liquid-applied waterproof flashing that is integrated with house wrap; then replace and caulk around trim.
    6. Install appropriate weather stripping to the door frame.  See the table in the Description tab for types.  

    COMPLIANCE

    Alterations

    2015 IECC and 2015 IRC

    2015 IECC/2015 IRC, Section R501.1.1/N1107.1.1 Alterations – General.  Alterations to an existing building or portion of a building should comply with Sections R502/N1108, R503/N1109, or R504/N1110.  Unaltered portions of the existing building are not required to comply.

    R503.1/N1109.1 General.  Alterations to any building or structure should comply with the requirements of the code for new construction.  Alterations should not negatively impact conformance of a building or structure to the provisions of this code; that is, code conformance should be the same as existed for the building or structure prior to the alteration.  Alterations should not create an unsafe or hazardous condition or overload existing building systems.  Alterations should be such that the altered building or structure uses no more energy than the existing building or structure prior to the alteration.

    R503.2/N1103.2 Change in space conditioning.  Any non-conditioned or low-energy space that is altered to become conditioned space must be brought into full compliance with this code. 

    R503.1.1/N1109.1.1 Building Envelope.  Building envelope assemblies that are part of the alteration must comply with Sections R402.1.2/N1102.1.2 (Insulation and Fenestration Table) or R402.1.4/N1102.1.4 (U-factor Alternative), and Sections R402.2.1/N1102.2.1 through R402.2.12/N1102.2.12, R402.3/1/N1102.3.1, R402.3.2/N1102.3.2, R402.4.3/N1102.4.3 and R402.4.4/N1102.4.4.

    Exception: The following alterations need not comply with the requirements for new construction provided the energy use of the building is not increased:

    • Existing wall cavities exposed during construction, provided that the cavities are filled with insulation
    • Construction where the existing wall cavity is not exposed.

    2012 IECC and 2012 IRC and 2009 IECC and 2009 IRC

    2012 IECC, Section R101.4.3 / 2012 IRC N1101.3 and 2009 IECC 101.4.3 / 2009 IRC N1101.4.3 Alterations – General.  Alterations to an existing building or portion of a building should comply with the provisions of the code as they relate to new construction without requiring unaltered portion(s) of the existing building to comply with this code.

    Exception:  The following alterations need not comply with the requirements for new construction provided the energy use of the building is not increased:

    • Existing wall cavities exposed during construction, provided that the cavities are filled with insulation
    • Construction where the existing wall cavity is not exposed.

    Door Replacement

    2015 IECC and 2015 IRC

    2015 IECC R 503.1.1.1 / 2015 IRC N1109.1.1.1, Replacement Fenestration.  Where some or all of an existing fenestration unit is replaced with a new fenestration product, the replacement fenestration unit should meet the applicable requirements for U-factor and SHGC in Table R402.1.4 and 402.1.2. 

    The definition of fenestration includes opaque doors, glazed doors, and combinations of opaque and glazed doors.

    2012 IECC and 2012 IRC 

    2012 IECC, R402.3.6 / 2012 IRC N1102.3.6 Replacement Fenestration. Language is same as in 2015 IECC/IRC. 

    See Compliance tab.

    More

    More Info.

    Access to some references may require purchase from the publisher. While we continually update our database, links may have changed since posting. Please contact our webmaster if you find broken links.

    Case Studies
    References and Resources*
    Author(s)
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
    Organization(s)
    EPA
    Publication Date
    Description
    Guide describing details that serve as a visual reference for each of the line items in the Thermal Enclosure System Rater Checklist.
    Author(s)
    American Architectural Manufacturers Association,
    Canadian Standards Association,
    CSA Group,
    Window & Door Manufacturers Association
    Organization(s)
    AAMA,
    CSA,
    CSA Group,
    WDMA,
    Fenestration & Glazing Industry Alliance,
    FGIA
    Publication Date
    Description
    2017 version of a standard covering requirements for single- and dual-pane windows, glazed side-hinged door systems, sliding doors, tubular daylighting devices, and unit skylights developed jointly by the American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA), the Canadian Standards Association...
    Author(s)
    Baechler Michael C,
    Gilbride Theresa L,
    Hefty Marye G,
    Cole Pam C,
    Williamson Jennifer,
    Love Pat M
    Organization(s)
    Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
    PNNL,
    Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
    ORNL
    Publication Date
    Description
    Report identifying the steps to take, with the help of a qualified home performance contractor, to seal unwanted air leaks while ensuring healthy levels of ventilation and avoiding sources of indoor air pollution.
    Author(s)
    U.S. Department of Energy
    Organization(s)
    DOE
    Publication Date
    Description
    Information sheet explaining how weatherstripping can be an easy and cost-effective way to save money on energy costs and improve comfort by reducing drafts.
    Author(s)
    Enterprise Community Partners
    Organization(s)
    Enterprise Community Partners
    Publication Date
    Description
    A guide providing tools to island and hurricane-prone communities on redevelopment and rehabilitation of homes to prepare for future natural disasters.
    Author(s)
    Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety
    Organization(s)
    IBHS
    Publication Date
    Description
    Guide describing the requirements by FORTIFIED Home™ for improving the home's resistance in severe thunderstorms, straight-line wind events, and high winds at the outer edges of tornadoes.
    Author(s)
    Federal Emergency Management Agency
    Organization(s)
    FEMA
    Publication Date
    Description
    A guide aiming to assist local officials and community decision makers in coastal areas in adopting and implementing sound mitigation measures to lower building natural disaster vulnerability.
    Author(s)
    U.S. Department of Energy
    Organization(s)
    DOE
    Publication Date
    Description
    Website listing implementation timelines and links to various versions of the DOE Zero Energy Ready Home national program requirements.
    *For non-dated media, such as websites, the date listed is the date accessed.
    Contributors to this Guide

    The following authors and organizations contributed to the content in this Guide.

    Sales
    Building Science Measures
    Building Science-to-Sales Translator

    Tight Air Sealed Home = Comprehensive Draft Protection

    Image(s)
    Technical Description

    Poorly air-sealed homes are less comfortable and cost more to maintain because they provide a pathway for drafts, cold spots, moisture, and insects into the home. Comprehensive draft protection includes a continuous air barrier around the whole house along with caulking and sealing in all holes and cracks. This includes around wiring, plumbing, ducts, and flues; where wall framing meets flooring; around windows; where drywall meets top plates and sill plates; where rim joists meet foundation walls and subfloors; etc. Spray foam insulation can be used at rim joists, floors above unconditioned space, and in attics to insulate and air seal at the same time.

    Comprehensive Draft Protection
    Sales Message

    Comprehensive draft protection minimizes air flow that can undermine a complete high-performance insulation system. What this means for you is less wasted energy along with enhanced comfort, health, quiet, and durability. Wouldn’t you agree it would be a shame to only get a partial return on your investment in advanced insulation?

    Last Updated

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