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Anti-Freeze – Solar Hot Water

    Scope
    Scope Images
    Image
    Active, closed loop water heater
    Scope

    Install an indirect (anti-freeze) active solar thermal system. 

    • First determine that the roof and utility room space are suitable for solar hot water components.
    • Follow the requirements for all local codes.
    • Choose an accredited solar water heating installation company.
    • Size the system according to the home’s hot water demands. 
    • Mount the system on an unshaded, southern exposure if possible. 
    • Ensure that the roof mounting system avoids water intrusion and damage to the roof structure. 
    • Choose an indirect (anti-freeze) active solar thermal system if you are installing a solar hot water system in a climate that commonly experiences freezing temperatures at any point during the year.  (See the Climate section for more information.)

    See the Compliance Tab for related codes and standards requirements, and criteria to meet national programs such as DOE’s Zero Energy Ready Home programENERGY STAR Single-Family New Homes, and Indoor airPLUS.

     

    Description
    Description

    Indirect (anti-freeze) active solar thermal systems are probably the most common choice for freeze-prone areas in the U.S. Solar indirect systems circulate antifreeze fluid through the collector, and a heat exchanger transfers the heat from the antifreeze solution to the tank. The heat exchanger may be coiled around the tank, or it may be inserted inside the tank. Some systems utilize an external heat exchanger mounted and attached to the side of the tank (see Figure 1).

    Two-tank indirect solar system.
    Figure 1. Two-tank indirect solar system (Source: Cost, Design, and Performance of Solar Hot Water in Cold-Climate Homes 2006). 

     

    Propylene glycol is the most common antifreeze solution for solar thermal systems; however, this type of system requires periodic maintenance of the antifreeze solution (every 3-5 years).  The closed circulation loop is pressurized with appropriate charge pressure based on the height of the collector (e.g., 20-30 psi) to help minimize flow resistance against gravity.

    Mounting

    Solar collectors are usually mounted at an angle equal or close to the geographical latitude of a given site. In some situations, collector mounting may require brackets or racks to provide optimal inclination or southern exposure direction. Some manufacturers offer roof integrated collector designs; however, these require planning ahead for roof membranes that may be custom-specific to the installation. Generally, there are three methods for attachment to the roof: spanner, truss lag bolt and J-Bolt.  The truss lag bolt requires the least amount of components for the mounting assembly.

    Metal and tile-type roofs may require specialized mounting depending on their architectural design.

    Controls

    Active solar systems with a circulation loop require a controller that determines pump operation. This is accomplished by a couple of sensors – one installed at the collector outlet and one at the bottom of the storage tank. A temperature differential of eight degrees (8°F), with the collector hotter than the tank, is usually the turn-on setting to activate the pump. A correct positioning and secured attachment of the temperature sensors for optimal temperature conduction is critical in addition to the wiring connection method. A water-tight connection on temperature sensors is important for an uninterrupted signal to the controller and to provide long-term reliable operation. Use the correct type of weather-proof connector with exterior wire connections. Common electrical wire twist ties are not suitable to withstand the outdoor elements.  Wiring used for sensors installed outdoors should have a UV-rated exterior jacketing.

    Ball valves are the preferred design type for use in solar system isolation and servicing. Ball valves featuring a full bore internal diameter do not present added flow restriction in the solar hot water circulation loop. 

    Documentation

    Providing system documentation in form of a durable “Customer Manual” with instructions on proper operation and maintenance is highly advised. Written proof of warranty and product registration is also recommended.

    Maximizing Savings and Monitoring Feedback

    Minimizing electric auxiliary heating element activation of a storage water heater is of key importance for achieving maximum energy savings.  A digital or mechanical timer can be beneficial to cut-off heating element activation during selected daytime hours. Some installers provide a dedicated water heater auxiliary heat element cut-off switch (240 VAC, 2-pole, 30A) as a simple means to allow home owner to increase savings. An in-line sight glass flow meter with a visual indicator installed (added cost) in the solar circulation loop helps to determine if the pump is operating correctly. Builders and homeowners may also inquire about controllers with built-in monitoring capabilities and energy metering devices (e.g., Stecca, Metrima).

    To ensure that other components of the home are ready for a solar thermal system, use the following guides:

    Install an Indirect (Anti-Freeze) Solar Hot Water System

    1. Select an approved manufacturer that has been certified and listed by an accredited institution such as the Florida Solar Energy Center – FSEC. Solar systems certified by SRCC (OG-300) may qualify for tax credits or additional rebate incentive programs. The North Carolina-based organization Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE) maintains a database of state, local, utility and federal incentives and policies that promote solar renewable energy.
    2. Size the solar thermal system accordingly to provide at least 50% of the homes’ water heating energy needs. Solar system selection should be certified by the Solar Rating & Certification Corporation (SRCC), the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO), or be labeled with Energy Star.
    3. A solar thermal collector is preferably mounted on an unshaded southern exposure orientation; however, eastern or western orientations are not to be ruled out. The use of a sun chart or approved analysis tool is recommended to determine seasonal shading.
    4. Solar water heating system installations should comply with local building and plumbing codes. Installation should be executed by a trained certified installer. The North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) provides a national database on their website that lists certified solar contractors. In addition, the Solar Energy Industry Association (SEIA) provides a map listing of products, companies and solar services.
    5. Collector mounting on a roof substrate requires special attention to avoid water intrusion or damage to the roof structure. Builders and installers should take into consideration mounting and positioning of the collector to comply with wind zones, particularly in coastal areas.
    6. Plumbing lines to the collector are to be kept at minimal length, preferably < 25 feet, and are usually routed through attics where they are continuous with sleeved insulation. Exterior plumbing lines are also possible with an architectural chase for better visual appeal.
    Success
    Ensuring Success

    Installation of a solar thermal system is no more difficult than the assembly of any other building component when proper design precautions are taken into consideration. Builders are encouraged to work with solar installers and manufacturers to select a package with high performance. Building aesthetics and minimal use of floor space are a high priority to customers in new homes.

    Selection of a solar contractor should be based on credentials, local company service territory, years of experience and trust. A warranty and maintenance agreement of at least two years is recommended. 

     

    Climate
    Climate

    The DOE Zero Energy Ready Home PV-Ready Checklist (Revision 07)  is required only under the following condition related to climate (See the Compliance Tab for other exceptions):

    • Location, based on zip code, has at least 5 kWh/m2/day average daily solar radiation based on annual solar insolation using the PVWatts online tool. See map below. 

    Water heating energy use varies according to the region and amount of hot water gallons used in a residence.

    Expected annual energy use and annual cost ($), for a typical household using 60 gallons/day, for selected states.
    Table 1. Expected annual energy use and annual cost ($), for a typical household using 60 gallons/day, for selected states.
    *Simulations performed in EGUSA (Colorado and New York water heater location in basement, others located in garage).

     

    Overheat and Freezing

    Solar thermal water heating system failures may originate from extreme cold and hot temperature conditions. Antifreeze solutions with distilled or deionized water are typically rated for up to 350 ⁰F. Collector and pipe freezing is another major obstacle that solar thermal systems face to avoid operation interruption and to ensure a long-term service life. Increased probability for pipe freezing is higher in mid and northern states, as shown in the figure below. The use of a proper antifreeze mixture is critical to avoid pipe and collector freezing. Pipes should be insulated with a minimum of ¾” insulation (closed cell preferred) and those exposed to UV should be protected by using a form of jacketing (UV inhibited ABS, PVC or aluminum) (Baechler et al. 2007).

    Probability of at least one pipe freeze in 20 years.
    Figure 1. Probability of at least one pipe freeze in 20 years.

     

    Training
    Videos
    Compliance

    Compliance

    The Compliance tab contains both program and code information. Code language is excerpted and summarized below. For exact code language, refer to the applicable code, which may require purchase from the publisher. While we continually update our database, links may have changed since posting. Please contact our webmaster if you find broken links.

    Installation of a solar thermal system requires building code compliance. Requisites for code compliance may differ by area, city, or county. Refer to the local governing code ordinance for specific plumbing and electrical rules. 

     

    DOE Zero Energy Ready Home (Revision 07)

    Exhibit 1 Mandatory Requirements.
    Exhibit 1, Item 1) Certified under the ENERGY STAR Qualified Homes Program or the ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction Program.
    Exhibit 1, Item 7) Provisions of the DOE Zero Energy Ready Home PV-Ready Checklist are Completed.

    DOE recommends but does not require solar thermal water systems. See the DOE Zero Energy Ready Home Solar Hot Water-Ready Checklist (Encouraged)

     

    2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, and 2021 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)

    Section 401.3 A permanent certificate shall be posted on or near the electrical distribution panel that lists types and efficiencies of water heating, heating, and cooling equipment, as well as insulation R values, and window U and SHGC factors.

    Retrofit:  2009, 2012, 2015, 2018,  and 2021 IECC

    Section R101.4.3 (in 2009 and 2012). Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs shall conform to the provisions of this code, without requiring the unaltered portions of the existing building to comply with this code. (See code for additional requirements and exceptions.)

    Chapter 5 (in 2015, 2018, 2021). The provisions of this chapter shall control the alteration, repair, addition, and change of occupancy of existing buildings and structures.

     

    2009, 2012, 20152018, and 2021 IRC

    M2301 Solar Energy Systems (Solar Thermal Energy Systems in 2015, 2018, and 2021 IRC)  - See requirements for solar water heating systems.

    2015 and 2018 IRC

    Appendix U (Appendix T in 2018 IRC) Solar Ready Provisions - Prepare the home for solar installations in accordance with these specifications.

    Retrofit:  2009, 2012, 2015, 2018,  and 2021 IRC

    Section R102.7.1 Additions, alterations, or repairs. Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs shall conform to the provisions of this code, without requiring the unaltered portions of the existing building to comply with the requirements of this code, unless otherwise stated. (See code for additional requirements and exceptions.)

    Appendix J regulates the repair, renovation, alteration, and reconstruction of existing buildings and is intended to encourage their continued safe use.

     

    2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018 International Mechanical Code (IMC)

    Follow the requirements for solar water heating systems found in the IMC, Chapter 14, Solar Systems (Solar Thermal Systems in 2018 IMC).

    Retrofit
    Existing Homes

    Scope

    Installation of a solar thermal system on an existing roof is similar to installation on the roof of a new home. See the Scope, Description, and other tabs for guidance.

    Consult a structural engineer and manufacturer guidance to determine if the existing roof can carry the load.

    Ensure that all penetrations through the roof are adequately sealed to prevent water leaks. New flashing should properly integrate with existing roof underlayment and cladding layers.

    See the U.S. Department of Energy's Standard Work Specifications for more information about solar water heating.

    COMPLIANCE

    See Compliance tab. 

    More

    More Info.

    Access to some references may require purchase from the publisher. While we continually update our database, links may have changed since posting. Please contact our webmaster if you find broken links.

    Case Studies
    Author(s)
    Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
    Building Science Corporation,
    National Renewable Energy Laboratory
    Organization(s)
    PNNL,
    BSC,
    NREL
    Publication Date
    Description
    Case study describing a multi-family town home project constructed for the City of Aspen, Colorado, with assistance from the U.S. DOE Building America research team Building Science Corporation and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
    References and Resources*
    Author(s)
    National Renewable Energy Laboratory
    Organization(s)
    NREL
    Publication Date
    Description
    Provides consumers with general information on solar water heating systems and how to select a contractor.
    Author(s)
    Aldrich Robb,
    Vijayakumar Gayathri
    Organization(s)
    Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings,
    CARB,
    Steven Winter Associates,
    SWA
    Publication Date
    Description
    Report describing the monitored long-term performance of two solar domestic water heating systems in northern climates.
    Author(s)
    North Carolina Solar Center
    Organization(s)
    North Carolina Solar Center
    Publication Date
    Description
    Brochure with information on residential solar hot water systems.
    Author(s)
    U.S. Department of Energy
    Organization(s)
    DOE
    Publication Date
    Description
    Website describing how solar water heaters -- also called solar domestic hot water systems -- can be a cost-effective way to generate hot water for your home.
    *For non-dated media, such as websites, the date listed is the date accessed.
    Contributors to this Guide

    The following authors and organizations contributed to the content in this Guide.

    Florida Solar Energy Center, lead for the Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction (BA-PIRC), a DOE Building America Research Team

    Sales
    Building Science Measures
    Building Science-to-Sales Translator

    Solar Hot Water = Solar Hot Water System

    Image(s)
    Technical Description

    Solar water heaters use energy from the sun to naturally heat water. These systems usually include one or two collectors that typically sit on a house’s roof. System designs can vary depending on many factors such as aesthetics, rigor of freezing conditions and cost. Homes ready for solar water heating systems should be designed with adequate space on the roof that is unshaded and with enough space in the utility room for a water storage tank and any needed pumps and controls.

    Solar Hot Water System
    Sales Message

    Solar hot water systems use the free energy of the sun to produce hot water. What this means to you is all the hot water you want at lower cost. Isn’t it time homes used advanced technology components?

    Last Updated

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