Showing results 301 - 400 of 1165
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Fire barriers for ventilated wall cavities use thermally activated expansive materials to close off the ventilation space between the wall cladding and the sheathing during a fire while allowing air flow through the metal mesh during normal conditions
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Fire barriers for ventilated walls use heat activated intumescent expansive materials to close off the ventilation space between the wall cladding and the sheathing during a fire while allowing air flow through the metal mesh during normal conditions
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Fire resistance plans for a community include creating defensible space for each home and for the whole community, constructing with fire-resistant materials, and providing turn-around space for emergency response vehicles.
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Fire suppression sprinklers can be set to activate only in the room where a fire is sensed.
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Firewall separation. Results from building corners being discontinuous with tie-beams.
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Flame Spread Classification and Ratings for Common Building Materials (adapted from Louisiana Office of State Fire Marshall 2021)
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Flat roof with cavity spray foam plus loose-fill insulation and gypsum board thermal barrier.
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Flood damage-resistant materials include concrete and tile flooring, metal cabinets and doors, and glass-block windows.
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Flood Insurance Premiums Can be Reduced Significantly by Building above the BFE.
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Flood vents allow floodwaters to enter and exit the crawlspace without causing hydrostatic pressure differences
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Florida Wind-Borne Debris Region, Category II and III Buildings and Structures except health care facilities.
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For homes built in high probability flood zones, move all possible plumbing equipment above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE), shown here as “Flood Protection Level;” equipment that cannot be moved should be watertight to resist floodwater
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For homes built in V Zones a registered professional engineer or architect must certify that the lowest floor elevation is above the BFE and piles and structure are anchored to resist flotation, collapse, or lateral movement due to combined wind and water
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For homes built on an open foundation, provide a continuous air barrier by sealing all joints between the rigid insulation, floor support beams, rim joist, and bottom wall plate
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For seismic resistance in basement, crawlspace, and crawlspace “cripple” wall foundations, connect the plywood or OSB sheathing to the wall framing, rim joist, and sill plate and anchor bolt the sill plate to the foundation
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For seismic retrofit of crawlspace with posts and piers, add cross bracing to posts; add cross bracing and solid blocking between floor joists
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Four types of residential fire sprinkler heads: pendent, concealed, sidewall, and concealed sidewall.
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Framing anchors, anchor bolts, joist hangers, and bridging pieces all help to tie the components of the floor system together and to the foundation to increase resistance against seismic forces.
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Fuel storage tanks are at risk of displacement during floods and should be securely anchored to the ground or base
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Fuel tank anchored below ground in a flood-prone area anchored to a counterweight to counteract the buoyancy force.
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Fuel tank is elevated above flood waters and anchored to supporting frame
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Fuel tank is elevated above flood waters on a base of structural fill and anchored to the concrete pad
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Fully enclosing the area under the deck increases its resistance to wildfire by minimizing the space where embers can lodge.
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Furniture and heavy household items should be anchored to prevent tipping over during an earthquake and for everyday use if small children are in the home
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Gable end vents allow in wind-driven rain because pressures that develop between the outside surface of the wall and the inside of the attic are sufficient to drive water uphill several inches.
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Gable-end bracing detail; nailing schedule, strap specification, brace spacing, and overhang limits should be adapted for the applicable basic wind speed.
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Glass blocks allow in daylight while maintaining privacy and also provide protection against high winds and floods.
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Good water management practices like sloping grade away from house, and installing gutters, perimeter drain pipe, a capillary break, and free-draining soils or drainage mat protect the foundation from water saturation.
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Ground Snow Loads for the United States (eastern), from 2021 IRC, Figure R301.2 (4)
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Ground Snow Loads for the United States (western), from 2021 IRC, Figure R301.2 (3)
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Having both low and high ventilation openings is necessary to promote airflow from the stack effect
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Heat loss through the roof of a home in a cold climate zone leads to snow melting to form ice dams.
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Heavy metal flashing protects the deck timbers and separates them from the wall at the wall-deck connection which is vulnerable to both ember entrapment and water damage.
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Heavy timber deck construction uses slow burning thick timbers to reduce the flammability of the deck.
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Heavy timber deck construction uses slow burning thick timbers to reduce the flammability of the deck.
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Heavy-gauge metal strapping can be used to secure water heaters and other appliances
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High winds pulled the asphalt shingles and sheathing panels off this coastal home, although storm shutters protected the windows
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Homeowners in remote areas may choose to install their own cisterns to provide water for fire suppression in case of wildfires.
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Homes located in the Wildland Urban Interface should be designed and constructed with fire resistance in mind.
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Homes sited on hills in wildfire prone areas should be set back at least 50 feet from downslope wildland vegetation.
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House wrap is sealed at all seams and overlaps flashing to serve as a continuous drainage plane over the exterior walls.
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How to reinforce a chimney to resist earthquakes and high winds – side and top views.
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Hurricane force winds that breach external windows and doors can then cause failure of the entire building due to internal pressures on walls and roof.
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Hurricane shutter styles include colonial, Bahama, roll-up, and accordion shutters.
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Hurricane straps, hold-down connectors, and bolts help to transfer loads from the building’s walls to its foundation, increasing resistance to vertical and horizontal pressures acting on the building from wind, waves, or ground movement.
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Ice dams form when warmth from the attic causes roof snow to melt and flow to roof eaves where it refreezes at the colder overhang and forms a buildup of ice causing more snowmelt to puddle where it can wick back through shingles and leak into the attic
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Ice dams formed by melting of snow on roofs can affect roofs, walls, ceilings, siding, and insulation.
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If a cool room is directly under an attic or roof, having lighter colored roofing (home on left) will reduce heat gain to the space as compared to darker roofing (home on right) because the temperature of the roof will be lower (see thermal image)
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If both the shingles and the underlayment blow off the roof is more susceptible to water intrusion; sealed seams or a self-adhering underlayment provide greater protection.
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If snow level is estimated to exceed roof load limits, snow removal may be needed; hire professionals
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If water rises above the foundation and enters the wall cavity it will not damage the moisture-resistant closed-cell foam or exterior extruded polystyrene, while gaps in the paperless drywall allow airflow of easy removal of panels for drying and cleaning
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Improper continuous load path design lacking bracing results in the failure of gable end walls under high wind conditions.
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Improper flashing can allow rain water into walls, causing significant damage
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Improperly installed fuel tanks can break free from attachments under the force of flood waters, risking broken fuel lines which could cause fire or explosion. Here, the tank is tethered only by the gas piping, which is not designed to perform this functi
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In areas prone to high winds and hurricanes, double vertical “jack trim” and horizontal “header” and “sill” studs are recommended on all sides of window and door openings.
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In Coastal A Zones and V Zones best practice is to construct the home so the bottom support of the lowest floor is above the 100-year wave crest elevation.
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In coastal flood zones, in-ground pools should located as far landward on the lot as possible and be oriented perpendicular to the shoreline with rounded corners.
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In high wind areas, provide lateral support to masonry end walls to resist high winds.
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In high wind zones, if roof tiles are fastened with screws or nails, consider using clips on tiles at the corners, ridges, hips, and perimeters.
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In high-flood-risk areas, install a roof hatch or openable skylight, min. 20x24 inches or 821 in.2 to serve as a means to access the roof for refuge
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In high-wind regions, special hardware is used for most framing connections; toe-nailing is not acceptable.
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In hot climate zones, shade building surface with vegetation for passive cooling.
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In hot, dry climates, passive cooling should focus on shading, night flush through cross ventilation and whole-house fans, potentially using high-mass construction
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In hot, humid climates, passive cooling should focus on shading, airflow through cross ventilation and ceiling fans, and low-mass construction
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In midsummer, the roof and skylights will receive much more solar radiation per square foot than an unshaded east- or west-facing wall, which in turn will receive more solar energy than north- or south-facing walls
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In the middle of summer, the sun shines most directly on the east and west sides of a house, while in winter it shines mostly from the south.
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In this IBHS Research Center test of two homes exposed to flying embers and high winds, the home with wood siding and a wood door went up in flames, the home with fiber cement siding and a metal door suffered little damage.
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In tropical climates such as Puerto Rico, some houses have metal jalousie louvers instead of glass windows; metal jalousies look like shutters, but typically offer little debris resistance.
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Inadequate connections between the foundation columns and footings or grade beams can lead to column connection failures during flooding.
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Incandescent lights such as these are a wasteful consumer of generator or battery energy, producing much more unwanted heat than light