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If both the shingles and the underlayment blow off the roof is more susceptible to water intrusion; sealed seams or a self-adhering underlayment provide greater protection.

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To avoid leakage if the hip or ridge shingles blow off, the underlayment should be lapped over the hip and ridge, unless there is a ridge vent.

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Connection of floor framing to support beam for a coastal home built on piles (band joist nailing to the floor joist is adequate to resist uplift forces).

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Plywood or OSB shear wall panels help the wind to resist the compression, tension, and shear forces of high winds and earthquakes

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Gable-end bracing detail; nailing schedule, strap specification, brace spacing, and overhang limits should be adapted for the applicable basic wind speed.

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In coastal flood zones, in-ground pools should located as far landward on the lot as possible and be oriented perpendicular to the shoreline with rounded corners.

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Inadequate connections between the foundation columns and footings or grade beams can lead to column connection failures during flooding.

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Section view of a steel pipe pile with concrete column and grade beam foundation type, adapted from FEMA P-550, case B.

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Profile of an open/shallow pier foundation for riverine areas where an open foundation style is desirable and for buildings in Coastal A Zone where scour and erosion is limited.

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This house survived a wildfire due in part to fire-resistant walls and roof while surrounding houses were destroyed (Photo from Decra Roofing Systems, Used With Permission).

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The primary frontal dune will be lost to erosion during a 100-year flood because dune reservoir is less than 1,100 ft2

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Water depth versus wave height, and water depth versus breaking wave force against, a vertical wall.

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Variation of maximum negative main wind force resisting system (MWFRS) pressures based on envelope procedures for low-rise buildings.

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Building elevation and plan view of roof showing longitudinal shear walls; dimensions are wall-to-wall and do not include the 2-ft roof overhang.

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In tropical climates such as Puerto Rico, some houses have metal jalousie louvers instead of glass windows; metal jalousies look like shutters, but typically offer little debris resistance.

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This synthetic stucco (EIFS) siding which was installed over EPS that was adhered to gypsum board failed in high winds when the gypsum board pulled over the fasteners that mechanically attached it to the studs.

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Storm-blown shingles reveal that the starter strip was incorrectly installed; rather than cutting off the tabs of the starter, the starter was rotated 180 degrees (right arrow) so the exposed portion of the first course of shingles (left arrow) was...

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Roof truss-to-masonry wall connectors embedded into concrete-filled or grouted masonry cell (left-hand side image has a top plate installed while the right-hand side does not).

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Knee braces do not stiffen a pile foundation as much as diagonal bracing, but they present less obstruction to waves and debris, are less prone to compression buckling, and may be designed for both tension and compression loads.

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Stem wall foundation design, including additional reinforcement to resist moving floodwaters and short (1.5-ft) breaking waves (Source: Adapted from FEMA P-550, Case F).

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Chimneys Connected to Roof Structure

Guide

Guide providing information about flashing around a chimney to protect the intersection of the roof and chimney walls from water intrusion and anchoring of a chimney to prevent collapse in high winds.

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-10

Reference

Standard using performance-based principles to determine dead, live, soil, flood, snow, rain, atmospheric ice, earthquake, and wind loads, and their combinations for general structural design. This version of the standard was published in the year 2010 and is available in both digital and print...

Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-16

Reference

Standard using performance-based principles to determine dead, live, soil, flood, tsunami, snow, rain, atmospheric ice, earthquake, wind, and fire loads, and their combinations for general structural design. This version of the standard was published in the year 2016 and is available in both digital...

Residential glazing in wind-borne debris regions is required to resist test missile C or D; however, field investigations have shown that roof tile can penetrate shutters that comply with test missile D like this one, so test missile E compliant...

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Failure in brick veneer connection under high wind conditions due to anchor corrosion, tie fastener pull-out, failure to embed ties into the mortar, poor bonding between ties and mortar, and poor-quality mortar; on left - five ties not embedded.

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Section view of a deep pile foundation system constructed with reinforced concrete beams and columns to create portal frames, adapted from FEMA P-550, 2nd ed., case FEMA P-550, 2nd ed., case H.

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Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-22

Reference

Standard using performance-based principles to determine dead, live, soil, flood, tsunami, snow, rain, atmospheric ice, seismic, and wind loads, and their combinations for general structural design. The current version of this standard was published in the year 2022 and is available in both digital...

If both the shingles and the underlayment blow off the roof is more susceptible to water intrusion; sealed seams or a self-adhering underlayment provide greater protection.

To avoid leakage if the hip or ridge shingles blow off, the underlayment should be lapped over the hip and ridge, unless there is a ridge vent.

Connection of floor framing to support beam for a coastal home built on piles (band joist nailing to the floor joist is adequate to resist uplift forces).

Plywood or OSB shear wall panels help the wind to resist the compression, tension, and shear forces of high winds and earthquakes

Gable-end bracing detail; nailing schedule, strap specification, brace spacing, and overhang limits should be adapted for the applicable basic wind speed.

In coastal flood zones, in-ground pools should located as far landward on the lot as possible and be oriented perpendicular to the shoreline with rounded corners.

Inadequate connections between the foundation columns and footings or grade beams can lead to column connection failures during flooding.

Section view of a steel pipe pile with concrete column and grade beam foundation type, adapted from FEMA P-550, case B.

Profile of an open/shallow pier foundation for riverine areas where an open foundation style is desirable and for buildings in Coastal A Zone where scour and erosion is limited.

This house survived a wildfire due in part to fire-resistant walls and roof while surrounding houses were destroyed (Photo from Decra Roofing Systems, Used With Permission).

The primary frontal dune will be lost to erosion during a 100-year flood because dune reservoir is less than 1,100 ft2

Water depth versus wave height, and water depth versus breaking wave force against, a vertical wall.

Variation of maximum negative main wind force resisting system (MWFRS) pressures based on envelope procedures for low-rise buildings.

Building elevation and plan view of roof showing longitudinal shear walls; dimensions are wall-to-wall and do not include the 2-ft roof overhang.

In tropical climates such as Puerto Rico, some houses have metal jalousie louvers instead of glass windows; metal jalousies look like shutters, but typically offer little debris resistance.

This synthetic stucco (EIFS) siding which was installed over EPS that was adhered to gypsum board failed in high winds when the gypsum board pulled over the fasteners that mechanically attached it to the studs.

Storm-blown shingles reveal that the starter strip was incorrectly installed; rather than cutting off the tabs of the starter, the starter was rotated 180 degrees (right arrow) so the exposed portion of the first course of shingles (left arrow) was...

Roof truss-to-masonry wall connectors embedded into concrete-filled or grouted masonry cell (left-hand side image has a top plate installed while the right-hand side does not).

Knee braces do not stiffen a pile foundation as much as diagonal bracing, but they present less obstruction to waves and debris, are less prone to compression buckling, and may be designed for both tension and compression loads.

Stem wall foundation design, including additional reinforcement to resist moving floodwaters and short (1.5-ft) breaking waves (Source: Adapted from FEMA P-550, Case F).

Chimneys Connected to Roof Structure

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-10

Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-16

Residential glazing in wind-borne debris regions is required to resist test missile C or D; however, field investigations have shown that roof tile can penetrate shutters that comply with test missile D like this one, so test missile E compliant...

Failure in brick veneer connection under high wind conditions due to anchor corrosion, tie fastener pull-out, failure to embed ties into the mortar, poor bonding between ties and mortar, and poor-quality mortar; on left - five ties not embedded.

Section view of a deep pile foundation system constructed with reinforced concrete beams and columns to create portal frames, adapted from FEMA P-550, 2nd ed., case FEMA P-550, 2nd ed., case H.

Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-22

Design for Windstorm and Tornado Protection

Flashing of Penetrations in Existing Roofs

Emergency Supplies Storage