Showing results 251 - 489 of 489
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Right – The ties are bent at a 90 degree angle at the nail head and embedded into the mortar joint at least 1.5 inches.
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Right – The ties are bent at a 90 degree angle at the nail head and embedded into the mortar joint at least 1.5 inches.
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Right - A continuous load path connects the roof and wall framing to the foundation.
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Right - Aluminum accordion coverings are permanently installed and can be deployed quickly but must be manually closed from the outside.
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Right - Aluminum or polycarbonate panels attach to permanently mounted railings and require installation from the exterior.
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Right - An unvented attic with no soffit vents, borate-treated fascia board, metal drip edge, and concrete block construction on this south Florida home help make it resistant to hurricanes, pests, and wind-born wildfire embers.
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Right - Anchorage to increase the wind uplift resistance of outlookers forming the overhang at a gable end truss wall.
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Right - Automatic metal roller shutters are always in place and can be electronically or manually opened and closed.
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Right - Braced wall line spacing is correctly calculated for determining wall bracing in accordance with the IRC.
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Right - Continuous wall sheathing and blocking has been installed to brace the raised heel trusses.
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Right - Engineered portal frames are used for wall bracing to resist wind and earthquake loads.
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Right - Flood resistant slab and crawlspace foundations elevate the floor above the design flood elevation.
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Right - Impact-resistant glass protects windows from wind-borne debris and is always in place, requiring no manual deployment during a storm.
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Right - In areas prone to costal flooding, elevate the bottom floor well above the design flood elevation.
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Right - In hot climates, paint flat roofs light colors to reflect solar heat gain.
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Right - Install backflow prevention devices on plumbing pipes to prevent wastewater from entering the home's plumbing system.
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Right - Metal drip edge on this south Florida CMU home protects the top of the fascia and edge of the roof deck from water, wind-blown rain and embers, and insects.
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Right - Panels of 7/16-inch treated plywood are inexpensive but take time to install and are difficult to install on higher windows.
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Right - Provide passive ventilation in hot climates by installing wind chases and vents.
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Right - These homes have hurricane shutters to protect against high winds and to provide solar control.
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Right - This concrete roof is properly attached and reinforced to withstand hurricane winds.
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Right - This home's windows have protective coverings that are raised to provide shade in good weather and can drop to protect the windows during high wind events.
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Right - This roof has a low gable and is secured to the wall framing to resist wind uplift.
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Right - Use flood-damage-resistant materials for decks and portions of the house below the design flood elevation.
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Right – Closed-cell polyurethane foam is sprayed on the underside of the roof deck to provide structural connections and seal seams in the sheathing to increase wind resistance
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Right – Examples of wall stud to sill plate and foundation and wall rod connectors and brackets.
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Right – Examples of wall stud to top plate and stud to rim joist framing connectors and brackets.
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Right – Furring strips provide a drainage and ventilation gap between the siding and the cork insulation.
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Right – Furring strips provide a drainage gap between the rigid foam and the siding.
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Right – Mold- and termite-resistant borate-treated lumber are used to make the panels of this kit home which are connected with metal strapping for hurricane and wind resistance.
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Right – Notch cut into pile takes less than 50% of cross section, cut is treated with wood preservative, and beam is installed with corrosion-resistant bolts.
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Right – Roof underlayment is fully adhered and roof deck seams are sealed so roof is resistant to high-wind events
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Right – Roof underlayment is fully adhered and roof deck seams are sealed so roof is resistant to high-wind events
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Right – The building felt is installed on all exterior walls and provides a complete drainage system
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Right – The drain slopes away from the foundation and terminates at the proper distance
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Right – The ridge flashing is secured with two rows of fasteners on each side of the ridge line
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Right – The rigid insulation covers all exterior walls and all seams are taped to provide a complete drainage system
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Right – The roof membrane is fully adhered and deck seams are sealed so the membrane will not flutter and fail due to negative pressure from high winds
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Right – The seams are taped on the coated OSB sheathing of this home to provide a complete air barrier.
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Right – The water-resistant barrier covers the entire house and the seams are taped to provide a complete drainage system
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Right – This aluminum jalousie window provides solar control while allowing view and ventilation.
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Right – This exterior door is installed to swing out and has storm protection shutters.
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Right – This hot-humid climate home employs several hurricane- and termite-resistant features including concrete block construction, borate-treated framing, a hip roof design with metal drip edge, impact-rated windows, and an unvented attic.
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Right – This low-slope roof and parapet assembly has continuity of both the air and water barriers
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Right – This metal panel window shutter is installed in a track permanently mounted above and below the window frame and is secured with wing nuts to studs mounted on the track.
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Right – This swale has sloped sides with appropriate vegetation to filter rainwater.
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Right – Weatherstripping has been installed and remains in contact when the door is closed.
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Right-Flood resistant foundation walls lift the floor framing above the DFE and include flood openings to let flood waters pass through.
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Rigid foam insulation can serve as the drainage plane when all seams are taped. Furring strips provide an air gap behind the cladding.
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Roof truss-to-masonry wall connectors embedded into concrete-filled or grouted masonry cell (left-hand side image has a top plate installed while the right-hand side does not).
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Roofing nails should be driven in straight and flush, not overdriven, underdriven, or angled
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Seal the roof deck as follows: Sweep roof decking, tape seams, and cover underlayment or roofing felt as shown.
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Section view of a deep pile foundation system constructed with reinforced concrete beams and columns to create portal frames, adapted from FEMA P-550, 2nd ed., case FEMA P-550, 2nd ed., case H.
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Section view of a steel pipe pile with concrete column and grade beam foundation type, adapted from FEMA P-550, case B.
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Self-locking drawers and cabinets can be installed to protect against damage from seismic events.
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Shear Strength Comparison Between a Foundation Stud Anchor (on left) and a Shear Transfer Angle (on right)
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Shear wall hold-down connector with bracket attached to a wood beam for a home built on a pile foundation.
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Shingle blow-off often starts at the eaves, as shown here after exposure to 115-mph hurricane winds.
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Shrubs, trees, and herbs create a tight network of roots and stems that bind the soil and slow the flow of water down hillsides.
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SIP homes built in coastal locations should be constructed so that the lowest level is well above the BFE.
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Soffits can be secured by caulking to the wall, sealing between each soffit panel and the wall channel, and screwing the wall channel to the soffit panels.
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Soil types include sand, silt, and clay- the more sand, the more quickly the soil drains.
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Stem wall foundation design, including additional reinforcement to resist moving floodwaters and short (1.5-ft) breaking waves (Source: Adapted from FEMA P-550, Case F).
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Step 1. Remove the existing wall cladding to prepare to retrofit an exterior wall.
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Step 2. Install a continuous air and water control layer over the existing wall sheathing.
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Step 3. Apply urethane sealant around the duct or pipe in the retrofitted exterior wall.
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Step 4. Install insulating sheathing and vertical furring strips on the retrofitted exterior wall; seal around pipe or duct with urethane sealant.
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Step 5. Install sheathing tape flashing over the duct or pipe and wood blocking on either side for later attachment of trim.
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Step 6. Install vent hood trim block, metal cap flashing; seal top edge of flashing with sheathing tape.
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Step 8. Attach the new cladding to the furring strips over the rigid foam for the exterior wall retrofit.
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Storm-blown shingles reveal that the starter strip was incorrectly installed; rather than cutting off the tabs of the starter, the starter was rotated 180 degrees (right arrow) so the exposed portion of the first course of shingles (left arrow) was...
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Swales are trapezoidal channels dug to receive storm-water overflow, with specific vegetation planted to improve aesthetics, filter stormwater runoff, and prevent erosion.
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Swales are troughs that collect site stormwater and filter it with vegetation, soil, and gravel layers.
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The “down” and “out” approach to flashing – metal flashing directs water down and out of building assemblies
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The 3/8-inch gap under the door allowed wind-driven rain to enter the house in hurricane winds of 140 to 160 mph.
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The brick house foundation piers on discrete footings (in the foreground) failed by rotating and overturning while the piers set in the concrete mat survived Hurricane Katrina.
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The components of a framed wall include from inside to out: gypsum, wood studs, OSB or plywood sheathing, and siding.
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The components of a roof include the rafter framing or trusses, purlins, plywood roof decking, underlayment, and the roof covering.
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The light-colored exterior roll-down shades on this building, and the shaded entryway provide very effective control of solar heat gain
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The operable windows in this house are located at occupant level to provide comfort ventilation.
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The piles of this foundation were well embedded and survived floodwaters from Hurricane Katrina.
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The pilings for this building are showing signs of failure due to a poor siting decision to locate the home too close to the surf.
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The plywood panels on the underside of this house blew away in hurricane wind speeds of 105 to 115 mph due to corrosion of existing nails, excessive space between nails, and use of nails instead of screws.
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The primary frontal dune will be lost to erosion during a 100-year flood because dune reservoir is less than 1,100 ft2
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The rails on these stairs were enclosed with siding, presenting a greater obstacle to the flow of flood water and contributing to the flood damage shown here.
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The right window frame was pulled out of the wall because of inadequate window frame attachment during a hurricane.
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The sheathing has rotted because there was not a sufficient drainage gap behind the stucco cladding
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The slats on this roll-up detached from the tracks in 110 mph hurricane winds; the shutter lacked a label indicating whether it had been impact and pressure tested to any recognized standard.
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The unprotected glazing in this door was broken by roof tiles dislodged by wind.
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The vinyl siding, foam sheathing, and some interior gypsum board was blown off in 130 mph Hurricane winds.
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The window awnings on this house provide a simple but very effective way to reduce solar gains while still allowing view, daylight, and ventilation through the windows
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These aluminum Bahama shutters shade west-facing windows from afternoon sun and are approved for hurricane protection
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These buildings may be well constructed but are poorly sited too close to waves and constantly at risk due to erosion and flooding.
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This breakaway wall beneath an elevated home in a coastal flood zone is made of wood attic.
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This breakaway wall design made of decay resistant lumber is compliant with the National Flood Insurance Program.
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This breakaway wall panel was prevented from breaking away cleanly by utility penetrations.
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This concrete block foundation cracked due to lack of steel rebar reinforcement.
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This double French drain provides drainage for a significant volume of storm water.
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This enclosed foundation has been undermined by erosion and scouring from coastal floodwaters.
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This fastener schedule for metal panel siding shows denser spacing for the end panels to resist stronger wind pressures. Some manufacturers specify that panels be installed with the prevailing wind - in this example wind direction is right to left.
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This garage door was blown from its track by positive wind pressure and adhesive-set roof tiles were pulled up but the windows were protected by roll-up shutters from the 140 to 160 mph hurricane winds.
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This home constructed in a V Zone in Bolivar Peninsula, Texas, had the bottom beam of the lowest floor at the BFE (dashed line) but the estimated wave crest during Hurricane Ike was 3 to 4 feet higher (solid line).
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This home has hurricane straps at every roof truss to attach the roof to the exterior wall top plate for increased resistance to wind uplift (Source: David Weekly Homes).
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This home was designed with continuous roof vents and few roof penetrations, allowing more room for the solar shingles that integrate with the asphalt shingles installed to meet IBHS Fortified Roof criteria for increased resistance to high winds and rain
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This home was elevated above the Design Flood Elevation and the pre-existing first story became the second story.
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This home was hit by wind-borne debris including asphalt shingles blown off neighboring homes, in 140 to 150 mph hurricane winds.
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This home was incorrectly sited and supported too near a slope consisting of unstable soils.
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This house survived a wildfire due in part to fire-resistant walls and roof while surrounding houses were destroyed (Photo from Decra Roofing Systems, Used With Permission).
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This reinforced concrete apartment building with exterior roof access in Minamisanriku, Japan, was designated as a vertical evacuation refuge during tsunamis; 44 people survived the 2011 Tohoku tsunami on the fenced roof
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This roof was constructed to meet the IBHS Fortified Roof standard by sealing the decking seams with flashing tape, installing synthetic roof underlayment secured with metal drip edge and nailed every six inches, and using self-adhered starter shingles.
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This swale and berm slow the flow of stormwater across a site to minimize erosion.
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This synthetic stucco (EIFS) siding which was installed over EPS that was adhered to gypsum board failed in high winds when the gypsum board pulled over the fasteners that mechanically attached it to the studs.
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This windows in this very old building in the Virgin Islands are protected from hurricanes with robust shutters constructed of 2x4 lumber, bolted connections, and heavy metal hinges.
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Threshold Sweep Flashing protects the door and helps to keep out wind-driven rain.
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To avoid leakage if the hip or ridge shingles blow off, the underlayment should be lapped over the hip and ridge, unless there is a ridge vent.
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Types of brackets recommended for use in securing cabinets and drawers to the wall of the home.
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Typical hurricane strap to roof framing detail. Rafter or prefabricated roof truss.
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Typical installation of plywood openings protection for masonry (including CBS) building.
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Upper-floor tie to lower floor for two-story building. Floor tie anchor and nailed wall sheathing.
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Variation of maximum negative main wind force resisting system (MWFRS) pressures based on envelope procedures for low-rise buildings.
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Vertical (buoyant) flood force; buoyancy forces are drastically reduced for open foundations (piles or piers).
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Vinyl and aluminum soffit panels can blow away in high winds if not properly connected.
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Water depth versus wave height, and water depth versus breaking wave force against, a vertical wall.
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Wave scour at a single vertical foundation member (pile), with and without underlying scour-resistant stratum.
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When averaged over several years, more fatalities are caused by extreme heat than by any other weather-related hazard
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When flood waters reach living areas, the resulting mold and contamination can greatly increase clean up time and costs.
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When installing fasteners in roof sheathing, common mistakes include using the wrong size fasteners, missing the framing members, overdriving nails, and using too many or too few fasteners.
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When the EIFS siding on this house gave way in high winds, it revealed severe rotting of the sheathing beneath the windows due to long-term water leakage.
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When the lower break-away wall gave way in coastal flooding it peeled some of the EIFS siding off with it because there was no suitable break in the siding to allow it to detach cleanly.
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When the soffits blew away in 140 to 160 mph hurricane winds, wind-driven rain was allowed to enter the attic.
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With fiber cement siding, face nail rather than blind nail where the design wind speed is ≥100 mph.
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With fiber cement siding, place blind nails 3/4 to 1 inch from top edge and > 3/8 inch in from butt ends.
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Wood siding installation details to improve resistance to wind-driven rain at corners.
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Wrong - Condensation on glass could be caused by poor performing windows or leakage around windows or high levels of indoor humidity.
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Wrong - During high winds air entered the home elsewhere and pushed out the door which was inadequately anchored to the wall.
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Wrong - Framing a dormer using only toe nailing and end nailing is not acceptable in areas subjected to high winds, hurricanes, or earthquakes.
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Wrong - Glazing failed due to windborne debris during a hurricane.
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Wrong - In floodplains, the interior grade elevation should be equal to or higher than the exterior grade as shown on right.
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Wrong - Leaks in the roof sheathing can allow water to get in and wet the drywall, providing fertile ground for mold.
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Wrong - Mold can spread rapidly in flood damaged homes if materials aren't dried quickly.
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Wrong - Negative pressure from hurricane winds caused garage door to collapse inward.
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Wrong - Roof deck sheathing nails missed the trusses, potentially weakening the roof in high winds.
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Wrong - The pile foundation of this home nearly collapsed from coastal storm surges because the piles were not embedded deeply enough in the ground.
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Wrong - The window lying on the ground was protected by a shutter but the shutter was attached to the window frame, rather than directly to the wall framing.
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Wrong - This concrete roof was not adequately attached and reinforced and failed in high winds.
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Wrong - This roof failed in high winds due to lack of metal attachments to the framing.
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Wrong - Utility trim was substituted for the starter strip and the bottom lock was cut off this vinyl siding so the siding pulled loose under wind pressure.
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Wrong – Drain pipe has been cut and foundation penetration has not been properly sealed
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Wrong – For proper detailing of vinyl around windows and other obstacles, use utility trim, punch snaplocks into siding, and do not overlap directly beneath a window.
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Wrong – Garage door failure due to positive pressures from hurricane force winds.
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Wrong – If roof membrane is not fully adhered, it can flutter and fail due to negative pressure from wind above and positive pressure from air leakage through roof deck below
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Wrong – Known as a Hugel Swale, organic matter like sticks and leaves break down into compost and fill the swale full. This limits the swale’s ability to filter rainwater.
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Wrong – Misalignment of the tie reduces the embedment and enables the brick veneer to be pulled away.
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Wrong – Piers set on individual footings with inadequate anchoring to the ground were twisted and toppled by a coastal storm surge, while those anchored in the concrete pad stayed upright.
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Wrong – Roof underlayment is not fully adhered and roof deck seams are not sealed so roof is susceptible to high-wind events
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Wrong – The cabinets and drawers were not outfitted properly with mechanical or self-locking latches, causing them to swing open and spill their contents onto the floor.
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Wrong – The clips holding these metal roofing panels were set too far from the roof eave (above red line) and the panels lifted in strong winds
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Wrong – The gable end wall failed because the rigid foam sheathing was not backed up by plywood or OSB.
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Wrong – The metal panels covering this roof used snaplocks and concealed fasteners that gave way in high winds.
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Wrong – The off-ridge roof vent on the right was poorly anchored and pulled off in high winds allowing water into the home.
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Wrong – The ridge flashing fasteners were placed too far apart and came loose in high winds.
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Wrong – The ridge flashing fasteners were placed too far apart and came loose in high winds.
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Wrong – The ridge flashing fasteners were placed too far apart and did not adequately hold the flashing in place
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Wrong – The rigid sheathing seams are not taped and the gaps could cause moisture problems
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Wrong – The roof sheathing was inadequately fastened and gave way causing the gable end wall to fail
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Wrong – The underside of the first course of siding extends beyond the underlying sheathing leaving it vulnerable being pulled off by pressure from high winds.
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Wrong – The vinyl siding at this gable was installed over rigid foam instead of wood sheathing and neither had the structural strength to resist hurricane wind pressures.
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Wrong – The water-resistant barrier is not complete and the holes and gaps could cause moisture problems
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Wrong – There is not a water-resistant barrier installed underneath the exterior finish of the walls
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Wrong – There is visible light around the door because no weather stripping has been installed.
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Wrong – These clay roof tiles were dislodged by high winds due to inadequate anchorage.
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Wrong – These four ties were never embedded into the mortar joint, allowing the brick wall to be pulled away from the sheathing.
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Wrong – This brick veneer failed in high winds (107 mph) because the ties pulled out of the substrate.
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Wrong – This gable end wall failed because connectors were missing at points of support (blue circles) and the outlookers were not connected to the end truss (yellow circle)
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Wrong – This house was built on a shallow foundation instead of piers; the foundation was undermined by erosion from Hurricane Irma (Vilano Beach, FL)
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Wrong – This metal tie remained embedded in the mortar joint but the smooth-shank nail pulled out from the stud.
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Wrong – This roof has no sheathing, when the metal panels blew off there was no secondary protection
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Wrong – This roof membrane on a low slope roof is fluttering and may fail because it is not fully adhered and deck seams below are not sealed, allowing air to leak up into the assembly while the membrane is pulled up due to negative pressures from wind
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Wrong – Window not protected and failed due to windborne debris in hurricane force winds.
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Wrong-The home was pulled off its masonry pier foundation during a coastal flood due to inadequate pier-to-beam connections.
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Wrong-These masonry pier foundations were twisted and displaced by coastal storm surges in Long Beach, Mississippi.
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Wrong: The fiber-cement siding has cracked due to over-driven nails located too close to the edge of the board; these cracks provide a pathway for bulk water entry and offer little resistance to high winds.