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Unvented roof assembly at eave retrofitted with rigid foam, spray foam, and a fully adhered membrane seal at the top of wall-to-roof transition
Upper-floor tie to lower floor for two-story building. Floor tie anchor and nailed wall sheathing.
Use a truss joist header assembly as shown here to reduce thermal bridging in hot climate zones.
Use copper or stainless steel mesh plus caulk or foam around holes in exterior walls or epoxy in cracks in concrete to keep out rodents and termites.
Use flexible straps to secure large electronics equipment like computer monitors and microwave ovens during seismic events.
Use plumbers metal strapping, wood blocking, and shelving brackets to secure a water heater in a corner to prevent tipping during an earthquake.
Use strapping, wood blocking, and shelving brackets to secure a water heater to a straight wall to prevent tipping during an earthquake.
Using outdoor misters or spray fountains can cool the outside air before it enters the house
Using roof and wall materials with a high Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) will reduce heat gains.
Variation of maximum negative main wind force resisting system (MWFRS) pressures based on envelope procedures for low-rise buildings.
Vented crawlspace cripple wall has seismic retrofits – plywood is added on interior that fastens to extra blocking added at sill plate and connected to foundation with new anchor bolts
Vertical (buoyant) flood force; buoyancy forces are drastically reduced for open foundations (piles or piers).
Vinyl and aluminum soffit panels can blow away in high winds if not properly connected.
Wall assembly with non-combustible brick cladding and fire-resistant or retardant rigid insulation, sheathing, framing and cavity insulation.
Wall assembly with non-combustible fiber cement cladding, metal hat-channel furring for air gap and fire-resistant or retardant rigid insulation, sheathing, framing and cavity insulation.
Wall surfaces having high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance will remain cooler when exposed to direct sunlight.
Warm air that leaks into the attic through unsealed light fixtures or other bypasses can melt snow on the roof leading to ice dam formation.
Water depth versus wave height, and water depth versus breaking wave force against, a vertical wall.
Water management detail for a solar panel rack mounting block installed in rigid foam that was installed over an existing roof
Water management details for a roof drain installed along with rigid foam on a flat roof
Wave scour at a single vertical foundation member (pile), with and without underlying scour-resistant stratum.
When averaged over several years, more fatalities are caused by extreme heat than by any other weather-related hazard
When flood waters reach living areas, the resulting mold and contamination can greatly increase clean up time and costs.
When installing fasteners in roof sheathing, common mistakes include using the wrong size fasteners, missing the framing members, overdriving nails, and using too many or too few fasteners.
When no automatic gas shutoff valve is installed at the meter, the gas valve can be shut off using a wrench
When preserving a tree, construct a temporary fence around the tree canopy and post signs to keep out vehicles that might compact soil and construction waste that could contaminate the soil.
When the EIFS siding on this house gave way in high winds, it revealed severe rotting of the sheathing beneath the windows due to long-term water leakage.
When the lower break-away wall gave way in coastal flooding it peeled some of the EIFS siding off with it because there was no suitable break in the siding to allow it to detach cleanly.
When the soffits blew away in 140 to 160 mph hurricane winds, wind-driven rain was allowed to enter the attic.
White walls and roofs; overhangs and awnings; and operable shutters and garden walls all help to keep out unwanted solar heat gain providing cool interiors for this Florida home.
Whole-house fans or wind-driven cross ventilation can be used to draw air across thermal mass for a night flush strategy
Wildfires across the United States claimed 10.12 million acres and 17,904 structures, including 9,700 homes in 2020
Wind path and uplift force for a gabled roof, a hip roof, and a pyramidal (another variant of a hip) roof design
Windblown embers and firebrands are the most common cause of structural fires in wildfires, followed by fires started by radiant heat igniting surfaces or breaking windows and allowing embers in, followed by direct flame contact
Winter storms can cause power outages while prolonged winter weather can take a toll on building structures
Wire hardware mesh is fastened with a staple gun and screws to the wall to prevent pests from entering the building through small holes and cracks
With fiber cement siding, face nail rather than blind nail where the design wind speed is ≥100 mph.
With fiber cement siding, place blind nails 3/4 to 1 inch from top edge and > 3/8 inch in from butt ends.
With modern low-E storm windows, manufacturers offer many frame colors and the option for custom color matching
With the nailed block method, wood blocks are attached to the sill plate and the cripple wall plywood is attached to the block to provide shear strength for correctly bracing a cripple wall in a seismic retrofit
Wood decks that extend over vegetated slopes are very vulnerable to ignition by approaching wildfires.
Wood siding installation details to improve resistance to wind-driven rain at corners.
Wrong - Airborne embers can float into holes in damaged vent screens and ignite flammable items in the house or accumulated debris in the vent.
Wrong - An open eave with no soffit covering can trap rising hot air and embers from a wildfire.
Wrong - An unbraced water heater in this home fell during an earthquake; the resulting fire destroyed the home.
Wrong - Debris in these open gutters can ignite from wind-borne embers and lead to ignition of the roof or fascia board; use leaf screens to keep debris out of gutters in wildfire-prone areas.
Wrong - During high winds air entered the home elsewhere and pushed out the door which was inadequately anchored to the wall.
Wrong - Framing a dormer using only toe nailing and end nailing is not acceptable in areas subjected to high winds, hurricanes, or earthquakes.
Wrong - Glazing failed due to windborne debris during a hurricane.
Wrong - If the soffit is applied directly to the rafter eave, it forms a sloping soffit, which creates a pocket that can trap hot air and embers from a wildfire.
Wrong - In floodplains, the interior grade elevation should be equal to or higher than the exterior grade as shown on right.
Wrong - Leaks in the roof sheathing can allow water to get in and wet the drywall, providing fertile ground for mold.
Wrong - Mold can spread rapidly in flood damaged homes if materials aren't dried quickly.
Wrong - Negative pressure from hurricane winds caused garage door to collapse inward.
Wrong - Roof deck sheathing nails missed the trusses, potentially weakening the roof in high winds.
Wrong - Roofs with complex geometries are more susceptible to ignition during a wildfire because they offer more places for burning embers to become lodged.
Wrong - The pile foundation of this home nearly collapsed from coastal storm surges because the piles were not embedded deeply enough in the ground.
Wrong - The window lying on the ground was protected by a shutter but the shutter was attached to the window frame, rather than directly to the wall framing.
Wrong - this building provides no overhangs, minimal window shading, and clear window glass resulting in high solar heat gain.
Wrong - This concrete roof was not adequately attached and reinforced and failed in high winds.
Wrong - This roof failed in high winds due to lack of metal attachments to the framing.
Wrong - This surface downspout run-out is directed toward the foundation instead of away from it.
Wrong - Utility trim was substituted for the starter strip and the bottom lock was cut off this vinyl siding so the siding pulled loose under wind pressure.
Wrong - When the lower break-away wall gave way in coastal flooding it peeled some of the EIFS siding off with it because there was no suitable break in the siding to allow it to detach cleanly.
Wrong – Airborne embers can float into holes in damaged vent screens and ignite flammable items in the house or accumulated debris in the vent.
Wrong – An open and/or sloped soffit can trap heat and burning embers as a wildfire approaches, increasing the risk of ignition of the structure.
Wrong – Combustible debris under this deck ignited and led to the destruction of the deck.
Wrong – Conventional wood deck risks ignition from embers falling on the surface or from unmaintained vegetation burning below.
Wrong – Drain pipe has been cut and foundation penetration has not been properly sealed
Wrong – Either this tape was not pressed down firmly or the surface was wet or dirty so the tape is not sticking properly even during construction.
Wrong – For proper detailing of vinyl around windows and other obstacles, use utility trim, punch snaplocks into siding, and do not overlap directly beneath a window.