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This plot shows a heat pump’s minimum and maximum heating capacities overlaid with a home’s heating load line, allowing a designer to assess how well-suited the equipment is for the specific home.

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This plot shows a heat pump’s minimum and maximum heating capacities overlaid with a home’s heating load line, allowing a designer to assess how well-suited the equipment is for the specific home.

Image

This plot shows a heat pump’s minimum and maximum cooling capacities overlaid with a home’s cooling load line, allowing a designer to assess how well-suited the equipment is for the specific home.

Image

Wrong: This heat pump is oversized even for Approach 4, and its modulating zone has a small overlap with the home’s heating load line, resulting in a large amount of short-cycling.

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Measure Guideline: Ventilation Guidance for Residential High-Performance New Construction - Multifamily

Reference

Report describing the most cost-effective ventilation and indoor air quality solutions for multifamily homes that meet ASHRAE 62.2-2016.

Heat Pump Retrofit Strategies for Multifamily Buildings

Reference

Report describing the various heat pump retrofit options for multifamily buildings in the U.S., segmented by building typology and heating system, to support better environmental, economic, and health outcomes.

Comparing Motor Technologies

Reference

Article in the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration NEWS newsletter describing PSC, ECM, and ECM replacement motors for HVAC equipment.

Air Source Heat Pumps Tax Credit

Reference

This is a federal tax credit for complying air source heat pumpe. Units located in the "North" must meet ENERGY STAR's cold climate heat pump criteria.

Wrong: Sized per Approach 3, there is small overlap between this heat pump’s modulating zone and the home’s heating load line, resulting in excessive short-cycling; it will require backup heat when the temperature is below 5°F

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Technology Solutions Case Study: Improving the Field Performance of Natural Gas Furnaces

Case Study

Case study describing field study of gas furnaces, and recommendations for installation.

Technology Solutions Case Study: Selecting Ventilation Systems for Existing Homes

Case Study

Case study describing ventilation selection for existing homes.

Heat Pump Water Heating Modeling in EnergyPlus - Building America Residential Energy Efficiency Stakeholder Meeting

Reference

Presentation about heat pump water heater modeling using EnergyPlus.

Energy Savings and Breakeven Costs for Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters in the United States

Reference

Report investigating performance and energy savings potential of heat pump water heaters.

Building America Top Innovations 2014 Profile - California Energy Standards Recognize the Importance of Filter Selection

Reference

Web report explaining how correct filter sizing is an issue that applies to all new and existing homes that use ducted HVAC systems.

This plot shows a heat pump’s minimum and maximum heating capacities overlaid with a home’s heating load line as well as the annual heating load hours for the home, allowing a designer to assess how well-suited the equipment is for the specific home.

Image

Right: Sized per Approach 3, this heat pump’s modulating zone has a large overlap with the home’s heating load line; it will require backup heating but could still contribute significant heating for all hours of the heating season

Image

Wrong: Sized per Approach 1 or 2, this heat pump’s modulating zone has a small overlap with the home’s heating load line, resulting in a large amount of short-cycling; the unit will require backup heat when the temperature is below 25°F

Image

Right (decent): For a relatively high-capacity ccASHP sized per Approach 3 or 4 to meet nearly 100% of the heating load, this heat pump’s modulating zone has a decent overlap with the home’s heating load line, reducing short-cycling.

Image

Wrong: Sized per Approach 3, there is minimal overlap between this heat pump’s modulating zone and the home’s heating load line, causing excessive short-cycling; it will require backup heat and may not contribute significantly at temperatures below 5°F

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2023 ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Applications

Reference

Guidebook covering basic principles and data used in the HVAC&R industry. This is the 2023 edition of the handbook, which can be purchased physically or digitally at the reference link in versions using either I-P units of measurement or SI units of measurement.

Measure Guideline: Combined Space and Water Heating Installation and Optimization

Reference

Report describing the installation and operation of forced-air heating and domestic hot water combi systems in residential homes.

Field Monitoring Protocol: Mini-Split Heat Pumps

Reference

Information sheet with an analysis of mini split heat pump systems.

Builder System Performance Package Targeting 30% - 40% Savings in Space Conditioning Energy Use: December 2002 - December 2003

Reference

Report describing the recommended best practices to achieve energy savings without compromising health or safety.

Humidity and Variable Refrigerant Flow Operation in Multifamily Buildings

Reference

Report providing the results of an analysis of humidity control and variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system efficiency in three new multifamily buildings in New York, NY.

Right: Sized per Approach 3 or 4, this heat pump’s modulating zone has a large overlap with the home’s heating load line, resulting in minimal short-cycling; the unit may require a small amount of backup heat during the very coldest hours of winter.

Image

Right: Sized per Approach 1, this heat pump will have minimal short-cycling; since sized using Approach 1, it will require backup heat when temp is below 30°F but could still contribute significant heating down to heating design temp (-6°F) and lower

Image

This plot shows a heat pump’s minimum and maximum heating capacities overlaid with a home’s heating load line, allowing a designer to assess how well-suited the equipment is for the specific home.

This plot shows a heat pump’s minimum and maximum heating capacities overlaid with a home’s heating load line, allowing a designer to assess how well-suited the equipment is for the specific home.

This plot shows a heat pump’s minimum and maximum cooling capacities overlaid with a home’s cooling load line, allowing a designer to assess how well-suited the equipment is for the specific home.

Wrong: This heat pump is oversized even for Approach 4, and its modulating zone has a small overlap with the home’s heating load line, resulting in a large amount of short-cycling.

Measure Guideline: Ventilation Guidance for Residential High-Performance New Construction - Multifamily

Heat Pump Retrofit Strategies for Multifamily Buildings

Comparing Motor Technologies

Air Source Heat Pumps Tax Credit

Wrong: Sized per Approach 3, there is small overlap between this heat pump’s modulating zone and the home’s heating load line, resulting in excessive short-cycling; it will require backup heat when the temperature is below 5°F

Technology Solutions Case Study: Improving the Field Performance of Natural Gas Furnaces

Technology Solutions Case Study: Selecting Ventilation Systems for Existing Homes

Heat Pump Water Heating Modeling in EnergyPlus - Building America Residential Energy Efficiency Stakeholder Meeting

Energy Savings and Breakeven Costs for Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters in the United States

Building America Top Innovations 2014 Profile - California Energy Standards Recognize the Importance of Filter Selection

This plot shows a heat pump’s minimum and maximum heating capacities overlaid with a home’s heating load line as well as the annual heating load hours for the home, allowing a designer to assess how well-suited the equipment is for the specific home.

Right: Sized per Approach 3, this heat pump’s modulating zone has a large overlap with the home’s heating load line; it will require backup heating but could still contribute significant heating for all hours of the heating season

Wrong: Sized per Approach 1 or 2, this heat pump’s modulating zone has a small overlap with the home’s heating load line, resulting in a large amount of short-cycling; the unit will require backup heat when the temperature is below 25°F

Right (decent): For a relatively high-capacity ccASHP sized per Approach 3 or 4 to meet nearly 100% of the heating load, this heat pump’s modulating zone has a decent overlap with the home’s heating load line, reducing short-cycling.

Wrong: Sized per Approach 3, there is minimal overlap between this heat pump’s modulating zone and the home’s heating load line, causing excessive short-cycling; it will require backup heat and may not contribute significantly at temperatures below 5°F

2023 ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Applications

Measure Guideline: Combined Space and Water Heating Installation and Optimization

Field Monitoring Protocol: Mini-Split Heat Pumps

Builder System Performance Package Targeting 30% - 40% Savings in Space Conditioning Energy Use: December 2002 - December 2003

Humidity and Variable Refrigerant Flow Operation in Multifamily Buildings

Right: Sized per Approach 3 or 4, this heat pump’s modulating zone has a large overlap with the home’s heating load line, resulting in minimal short-cycling; the unit may require a small amount of backup heat during the very coldest hours of winter.

Right: Sized per Approach 1, this heat pump will have minimal short-cycling; since sized using Approach 1, it will require backup heat when temp is below 30°F but could still contribute significant heating down to heating design temp (-6°F) and lower

Laboratory Test Report for Fujitsu 12RLS and Mitsubishi FE12NA Mini-Split Heat Pumps

Combined Space and Water Heating: Next Steps to Improved Performance

Low-Cost Solar Water Heating Research and Development Roadmap

NREL Delivers In-Home HVAC Efficiency Testing Solutions