Vertical (buoyant) flood force; buoyancy forces are drastically reduced for open foundations (piles or piers).

Reference

Author(s)

Coulbourne William,

Jones Christopher P,

Kapur Omar,

Koumoudis Vasso,

Line Philip,

Low David K,

Overcash Glenn,

Passman Samantha,

Reeder Adam,

Seitz Laura,

Smith Thomas,

Tezak Scott

Organization(s)

Federal Emergency Management Agency,

FEMA,

Applied Technology Council,

ATC,

URS Group,

DK Low and Associates,

Atkins,

TLSmith Consulting

Volume II of a two-volume report providing a comprehensive approach to design, construction, and renovation of homes located in coastal environments.